新西兰总理约翰•基采访实录
时间：2012年12月12日 12：00（新西兰时间）
地点：新西兰惠灵顿 国会大厦
采访人员：人民网记者 官建文 封欢欢
新西兰中华新闻通讯社记者 景曦
人民网记者：总理阁下，非常高兴您能在中新建交40周年之际接受人民网采访。中新建交40年来，两国建立了广泛而有实质内容的双边关系，在经贸往来和人文交流等领域都取得了丰硕成果，您认为其中的根本原因是什么？
约翰•基：首先，我认为中国和新西兰在很多方面存有差异，中国是一个人口大国，而新西兰人口则比较少。但我们有很多共同点，我们都是为了人民去做到更好，努力实现我们的社会进步和成功。中新建交后的四十年里，我们着手于在更多新的领域进行合作。很明显，中国已经将新西兰作为第一个发达国家来签署自由贸易协定。对于我们来讲，中国在新西兰的影响力也越来越大。随着中国成为世界第二大经济体，我们的合作也迅速发展。每年越来越多的中国游客和大量的中国留学生来到新西兰，我认为这是我们改变合作方式的一方面。其次，每年有很多中国人定居新西兰，那么在新西兰，对中国文化的了解与掌握也是日益加深的。例如每年我们都会庆祝春节和元宵节，杨健博士是最新的华裔议员。新中两国可谓是共同发展。中国和新西兰在许多方面都有所合作，两国的关系也是全面的，和睦并且互相信任的。
人民网记者：目前中国正处在一个非常关键的发展阶段，您如何看待两国关系的下一个10年或者40年？
约翰•基：我想两国的关系将进一步加深。最近中国国务委员刘延东访问新西兰，她表示，在下一个五至十年，中国的人均GDP将由现在的5000美元增长到10000美元。那将会是巨大的增长。那么现在来讲，中国的乳制品进口中，一半来自新西兰。我们了解中国的经济越来越强大，期望能够购买新西兰制品并且有兴趣在旅游及其他方面合作。若将这些实现，那么你会看到中国在世界及新西兰的影响力将与日俱增。中国现在正在崛起成为世界超级大国，但我不认为这是什么可怕的事情，相反，我认为这正反映了中国经济发展潜力。
人民网记者：新西兰与中国在经贸方面有多个第一：新西兰是第一个完成中国入世双边谈判、第一个与中国签署双边自由贸易协定的西方国家，您认为这些“第一”为两国经济带来了哪些益处？
约翰•基：对于新西兰来说，首先中国可以看做是一个非常大的市场，我们的人口数量仅为450万， 而中国的人口则将近14亿，所以中国无论在人口规模和对新西兰教育和食物资源的需求上，都比新西兰大得多。所以这对新西兰的经济增长提供了很多机会。 其次，新西兰市场向不同文化的国家开放，那么与中国的合作更是加强了这一特点。 我认为中国将会在亚太地区充当很重要的角色。中国是人口最多的国家，同时也将是最大的经济体。新西兰一直注重同中国的外交关系。这同样表现出新西兰作为一个国家的特点，那就是我们有敢为天下先的勇气。新西兰是第一个就中国加入世贸组织与中国结束双边谈判，承认中国完全市场经济地位的发达国家。我们认为这是应该去做的事情，即使别的国家并不予认同。就像我们是世界上第一个赋予妇女选举权的国家，从这里能看出新西兰作为一个国家的特点。我认为对于中国来说，情况稍稍有些不同，中国现在需要食物供给，而新西兰作为一个食物产量大的，同时又具有先进的科学技术的国家，新西兰同中国共同发展的其中一个契机就是将先进的科学技术引入中国。中国需要进一步提高食品安全标准。胡锦涛主席和温家宝总理曾与我一起探讨我们的合作，多年来，中新两国人员往来频繁，不少中国人在新留学。
人民网记者：新西兰是中国学生留学的主要目的国之一。您认为是什么原因使新西兰吸引了大批中国留学生？
约翰•基：首先，新西兰的教育水平很高，我们的大学具有很高的水准。其次， 我们的大学在世界来讲也是相对经济的选择，我们很欢迎中国学生前来留学。中国留学生在这里会感到很充实，也感到很安全。他们在新西兰能随时随地接触到中国的文化的同时也体验到了新西兰的文化。留学生在新西兰不会感觉到孤立或是不受欢迎。很多留学生想在新西兰做些成绩之后再回到中国，普遍来说他们会选择继续研读医学或工程等等。新西兰的人口中华裔很多，大约有250，000人。
人民网记者：近几年，随着越来越多的中国学生到新西兰留学，在这个过程中也出现了一些问题，您如何看这些问题？新西兰如何为广大中国留学生提供保障措施，以使他们顺利完成学业？
约翰•基：正如你所提及的，我们曾经有过一些失职，譬如在新西兰的地震中，一些中国，日本，韩国，菲律宾留学生由于CTV大楼因设计缺陷导致坍塌遇难。这确是一场自然灾害，通常来说，新西兰的大楼的安全标准是很高的，但我们将继续提高建筑的安全抗震级别。留学生们不必太过担心。另一方面我们每年都有大批的中国留学生来到新西兰，他们都有机会去运用所学的知识找到工作，并能加速完成学业。这样的情况是很普遍的，留学生的到来给新西兰带来了很多活力，我们也很欢迎中国留学生来新西兰学习，我不认为中新两国的人员交流会因为曾经的一些问题而中断或减少，我们仍希望新西兰能够吸引更多的人来留学工作交流等等。
人民网记者：总理阁下出席了最近在柬埔寨举行的东亚峰会，会上，东盟关于亚洲区域经济合作的新建议得到了各方的普遍认同，即宣布正式启动“区域全面经济伙伴关系”（RCEP）谈判，RECP的目标是建成涵盖东盟10国、中国、韩国、日本、印度、澳大利亚、新西兰等16个国家的自由贸易区。请问新西兰对这个新倡议有些什么具体设想？
约翰•基：我们坚信自由贸易会改变很多国家。我们将继续推进世贸组织多哈回合谈判，并促进区域合作。理论上来说，届时我们将会有一个很大的自由贸易区，其中既包括一些刚小国家，也包括一些大的经济体，例如印度，中国，日本，韩国，澳大利亚。对于新西兰来说，实现这一目标将获益匪浅，不过这个计划才刚刚开始，仍处于初期阶段。要打破一些国家对于自由贸易的限制充满挑战，例如日本和韩国。总的来说，机会将与挑战并存，我们不能期望值过高，因为这可能需要较长时间。目前，促成跨太平洋战略经济伙伴协定相对重要。
(本文来源：人民网 )
2012年12月31日星期一
网络段子
网络段子
《凡人与忙人》
凡人忙于解决具体问题、智者主动解决根本问题；凡人单纯解决当前问题、智者提前解决未来问题；凡人力图解决全部问题、智者善于解决关键问题。
《看透》
看透大事者超脱，看不透者执着；看透小事者豁达，看不透者计较；财以不蓄为富，官以不显为贵，名以不彰为誉，施以不报为惠。贵人要含蓄，忌太尽；劝人要委婉，忌太直；警人要疑似，忌太真。
《想活九十九》
想活九十九，定要心态好，整天乐呵呵，遇事不发愁。
想活九十九，有批老朋友，大家常聚首，谈笑乐悠悠。
想活九十九，动脑又动手，读书搓麻将，时间不可久。
想活九十九，吃饭留一口，饮食莫过量，禁烟又限酒。
想活九十九，饭后要漱口，口腔常清洁，细菌全带走。
想活九十九，牙齿要常叩，牙固齿不松，佳肴有嚼头。
想活九十九，常在户外走，尽量少坐车，步行风摆柳。
想活九十九，保健记心头，适度加营养，敢于阎王斗。
《凡人与忙人》
凡人忙于解决具体问题、智者主动解决根本问题；凡人单纯解决当前问题、智者提前解决未来问题；凡人力图解决全部问题、智者善于解决关键问题。
《看透》
看透大事者超脱，看不透者执着；看透小事者豁达，看不透者计较；财以不蓄为富，官以不显为贵，名以不彰为誉，施以不报为惠。贵人要含蓄，忌太尽；劝人要委婉，忌太直；警人要疑似，忌太真。
《想活九十九》
想活九十九，定要心态好，整天乐呵呵，遇事不发愁。
想活九十九，有批老朋友，大家常聚首，谈笑乐悠悠。
想活九十九，动脑又动手，读书搓麻将，时间不可久。
想活九十九，吃饭留一口，饮食莫过量，禁烟又限酒。
想活九十九，饭后要漱口，口腔常清洁，细菌全带走。
想活九十九，牙齿要常叩，牙固齿不松，佳肴有嚼头。
想活九十九，常在户外走，尽量少坐车，步行风摆柳。
想活九十九，保健记心头，适度加营养，敢于阎王斗。
《外交政策》评出2012年度十大美国国家安全新闻
《外交政策》评出2012年度十大美国国家安全新闻
美《外交政策》网站12月26日评选出2012年美国十大国家安全新闻。内容如下：
1.奥巴马与他的将军们：选举年，民主党人数十年来首次掌控了国家安全。这始于去年对本•拉丹的猎杀，因奥巴马修订国家安全战略和在军方高层的密切参与下推出了新防务预算而得到巩固。结果是，试图离间总统和五角大楼的共和党人对此大加抨击。
2.伊朗与“红线”：又一年的威胁、警告、夸夸其谈、口诛笔伐……而德黑兰与西方的对峙却没有改观。在以色列总理内塔尼亚胡、共和党总统候选人罗姆尼、国务卿希拉里、国防部长帕内塔、参联会主席登普西等人之间，有关伊朗寻求核武器这一“红线”的言语争执及时间表冲突变得激烈起来。
3.无所作为：一年多以来，每个国家安全官员都在恳求国会和白宫达成预算协议，但却毫无效果。现在这个僵局已经拖到了第二个圣诞节，这证明在今天的美国，政治已经劫持了一切，甚至包括国家安全。
4.彼得雷乌斯恋情：传奇的覆灭来得迅速而突然。中情局的老大本应有能力保守秘密。然而事与愿违，当艾伦上将的电邮尚在接受五角大楼内部调查之际，中情局长和军方多个高级职位的声誉已经受损。
5.如何看待帕内塔：在上任之初的几个月里，帕内塔参与打造了起草五角大楼预算的军民合作，但他也证明自己无法推动无所作为的国会。也许这不是他分内的事情，但是到夏天结束时，在华盛顿的许多人眼中他气数已尽。没有人知道他在明年归隐加州核桃农庄前还能有什么作为。
6.对叙利亚袖手旁观：在华盛顿和欧洲没有人采取行动，以便在叙利亚建立实施禁飞区，或是向反对派提供武器。但是当战事停止时，美国将希望用多少有些友好的面孔来填补安全真空。唯一确定的是叙利亚战争看来肯定将会持续至2013年。
7.阿富汗与被遗忘的撤军：在公众对战争不再关注的情况下，奥巴马5月份要求北约支持他的撤军时间表，而白宫自己却在浪费时间。华盛顿的鹰派或许会就时间表的进度强词夺理，但是在首都环城公路之外，没有人会随之起舞。
8.“基地”组织是死是活：五角大楼首席律师杰•约翰逊等奥巴马的代理人向主要盟国灌输“执法”这样一个被保守派认为是禁忌的词汇时，2013年的问题将是美军究竟会花多大力气继续追剿“基地”组织。
9.中国与战略重心转移：美国军方高层希望北京成为全球安全伙伴。天真？也许有一点；值得一试？绝对值得。事情才刚开始，而且到目前为止进行得越来越顺利。
10.女兵参与作战：今年有女兵开始把美国政府告上法庭，以争取她们声称早该有的权利———完全平等地与男兵一样承担战斗岗位。有两起诉讼在等待联邦法院判决，它们可能永远改变美军仅剩的几条禁令之一。
（编辑：马柯斯)
2012-12-29 来源：新华网
美《外交政策》网站12月26日评选出2012年美国十大国家安全新闻。内容如下：
1.奥巴马与他的将军们：选举年，民主党人数十年来首次掌控了国家安全。这始于去年对本•拉丹的猎杀，因奥巴马修订国家安全战略和在军方高层的密切参与下推出了新防务预算而得到巩固。结果是，试图离间总统和五角大楼的共和党人对此大加抨击。
2.伊朗与“红线”：又一年的威胁、警告、夸夸其谈、口诛笔伐……而德黑兰与西方的对峙却没有改观。在以色列总理内塔尼亚胡、共和党总统候选人罗姆尼、国务卿希拉里、国防部长帕内塔、参联会主席登普西等人之间，有关伊朗寻求核武器这一“红线”的言语争执及时间表冲突变得激烈起来。
3.无所作为：一年多以来，每个国家安全官员都在恳求国会和白宫达成预算协议，但却毫无效果。现在这个僵局已经拖到了第二个圣诞节，这证明在今天的美国，政治已经劫持了一切，甚至包括国家安全。
4.彼得雷乌斯恋情：传奇的覆灭来得迅速而突然。中情局的老大本应有能力保守秘密。然而事与愿违，当艾伦上将的电邮尚在接受五角大楼内部调查之际，中情局长和军方多个高级职位的声誉已经受损。
5.如何看待帕内塔：在上任之初的几个月里，帕内塔参与打造了起草五角大楼预算的军民合作，但他也证明自己无法推动无所作为的国会。也许这不是他分内的事情，但是到夏天结束时，在华盛顿的许多人眼中他气数已尽。没有人知道他在明年归隐加州核桃农庄前还能有什么作为。
6.对叙利亚袖手旁观：在华盛顿和欧洲没有人采取行动，以便在叙利亚建立实施禁飞区，或是向反对派提供武器。但是当战事停止时，美国将希望用多少有些友好的面孔来填补安全真空。唯一确定的是叙利亚战争看来肯定将会持续至2013年。
7.阿富汗与被遗忘的撤军：在公众对战争不再关注的情况下，奥巴马5月份要求北约支持他的撤军时间表，而白宫自己却在浪费时间。华盛顿的鹰派或许会就时间表的进度强词夺理，但是在首都环城公路之外，没有人会随之起舞。
8.“基地”组织是死是活：五角大楼首席律师杰•约翰逊等奥巴马的代理人向主要盟国灌输“执法”这样一个被保守派认为是禁忌的词汇时，2013年的问题将是美军究竟会花多大力气继续追剿“基地”组织。
9.中国与战略重心转移：美国军方高层希望北京成为全球安全伙伴。天真？也许有一点；值得一试？绝对值得。事情才刚开始，而且到目前为止进行得越来越顺利。
10.女兵参与作战：今年有女兵开始把美国政府告上法庭，以争取她们声称早该有的权利———完全平等地与男兵一样承担战斗岗位。有两起诉讼在等待联邦法院判决，它们可能永远改变美军仅剩的几条禁令之一。
（编辑：马柯斯)
2012-12-29 来源：新华网
Li Keqiang: A man who puts people first
Li Keqiang: A man who puts people first
His toughness in advancing complex reforms, as well as his social warmth and scholarly temperament have made him a major figure in China's political arena。
Calling reform "the biggest dividend for China," Vice Premier Li Keqiang has used different occasions to facilitate reforms since being re-elected in mid-November as a member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee。
"Reform is like rowing upstream. Failing to advance means falling back," he said at a symposium on advancing comprehensive reforms。
"Those who refuse to reform may not make mistakes, but they will be blamed for not assuming their historical responsibility," he said。
China's new wave of reform has begun with curbing bureaucracy in meetings. When presiding over meetings, Li forbids officials to read prepared speeches, encourages them to take the floor freely and asks incisive and persistent questions to get to the bottom of matters。
In a meeting on China's HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment, he encouraged representatives from nongovernmental organizations to talk more about their problems, even though this delayed his appointment with other officials。
Li has also emphasized that only reform can improve Chinese people's living standards and that future reforms must ensure equal rights and opportunities for the people and ensure that everybody adheres to the rules。
From secretary of a village CPC branch to member of the CPC's highest leading body, Li, 57, has continuously maintained a down-to-earth work style and the principle of putting people first。
His curriculum vitae reflects his rich governance experience. Li served as secretary of the Communist Youth League of China (CYLC) committee of Peking University. He was a member of the Secretariat of the CYLC Central Committee and the Party chief of Henan and Liaoning provinces。
Confident, smart and eloquent in public, Li is frank, amiable, resolute and responsible at work, according to his acquaintances。
After 10 years of study at Peking University, Li earned a bachelor's degree in law and master's and doctorate degrees in economics. He has excelled in China's officialdom due to his academic accomplishments and international perspective。
Li first joined the highest leading body of the CPC five years ago at the first Plenary Session of the 17th CPC Central Committee. A few months later, he became China's youngest vice premier in nearly 20 years。
TENACIOUS REFORMER
Li has garnered much attention by tackling complex reforms over the past five years, during which time China has faced multiple challenges, including the deadly Wenchuan earthquake and the international financial crisis。
Macroeconomic adjustment was the first challenge the vice premier had to face in 2008.
When there was no agreement on a proper way to manage the repercussions of the international financial crisis, Li asked the State Council's fiscal and economic planning departments to adopt a proactive fiscal policy with the precondition of keeping the deficit below 3 percent。
The decision gave the Chinese economy a boost that was strong enough to avoid complications such as the sovereign debt crisis in Europe and the "fiscal cliff" in the United States。
Li also chaired more than 40 meetings to deliberate on and make arrangements for an affordable housing program for the needy, which is the biggest of its kind in China and has helped boost domestic consumption amid a slowing world economy。
Over the past few years, China's fiscal spending on affordable housing construction has reached a record high. With 17 million government-subsidized apartments already built, nearly 100 million Chinese have moved into comfortable, high-quality homes, and another 13 million apartments are currently under construction or being renovated。
Another reform that has thrust Li into a widening spotlight relates to medical and health care services, a worldwide challenge。
After Li took over as head of the State Council's leading group for medical and health care reform, the country quickly set a goal of turning medical and health care into a basic public service accessible to all, taking a progressive approach to prioritizing the basic needs of the people and the need for institutional improvement。
The central government has issued 14 documents to inspire local experiments since 2009. All relevant tasks are being implemented efficiently。
Under this regimen, the government has built the world's largest medical care system in more than three years, effectively easing public concern in this area。
U.S. scholar Robert Lawrence Kuhn said he considers this reform to be the greatest achievement China has scored in the past decade。
Margaret Chan, director-general of the World Health Organization, has called the achievement hard-won。
John Langenbrunner, the World Bank's chief health economist, described the results achieved by the reforms as unprecedented。
Li was also credited with seizing the opportunity presented by the 2008 financial crisis to propel complex fuel tax reforms involving multiple stakeholders。
The initiative has helped eliminate redundant fuel fees, inspired energy conservation and emission reduction, improved the refined oil pricing system and accumulated experience for future reforms。
This year, Li went to great lengths to tackle another bottleneck in tax reform. He conducted field surveys and led relevant departments to institute reform plans that replace turnover taxes with value-added taxes. After Shanghai spearheaded a pilot program, the tax burdens of the local service industry and small enterprises have been largely eased。
A prelude to the much-expected structural tax cut, the pilot program has now been expanded to nine provinces and municipalities as a significant institutional innovation for facilitating economic restructuring, boosting economic growth and improving people's living standards。
Li also led the formulation of China's 12th Five-Year Plan (2011-2015)， which provides both overall guidance for the country's future development and specific guidance in nearly 100 areas。
Although Li was familiar with China's agricultural and industrial development as head of Henan and Liaoning provinces, he has gained a broader understanding of China's national circumstances after being put in charge of development and reform, fiscal affairs, urban-rural construction, environmental protection, land and resources and public health for the State Council。
He knows China's potential in economic and social development as well as the opportunities and challenges the country is facing。
To formulate a sound plan, Li conducted field surveys in a number of places and governmental departments, solicited opinions from lower-level officials, industrial experts and entrepreneurs and presided over symposiums to brainstorm plans concerning the tertiary and energy industries。
In-depth research was carried out for more than two years on significant issues, such as expanding domestic consumption in a sustainable manner, narrowing the urban-rural gap, designing an urbanization path and steadily improving people's living standards。
U.S. economist Michael Spence, a Nobel laureate, said the 12th Five-Year Plan is very complicated but clear. Its effective implementation will turn China into the most significant player in transforming economic growth patterns and rebalancing the world economy, he noted。
Joseph Stiglitz, also a Nobel laureate, said the development plan charts the direction of China's economic restructuring, with China's central task being to open up and better integrate with the outside world。
New responsibilities and opportunities will abound and the country will be more involved in reshaping the world economic order, he said。
Martin Feldstein, a professor of economics at Harvard University, noted the plan's important implications for the global economy. "Its key feature is to shift official policy from maximizing GDP growth toward raising consumption and average workers' standard of living," he noted。
Known as a tough troubleshooter, Li has regularly appeared where he has been needed most。
When food safety scares cropped up in 2010, Li was asked to head the State Council's food safety commission, orchestrating multisector cooperation。
"Food safety concerns every family and each person. Giving food safety offenders a knock-out blow is a must," Li stressed。
By including food safety in the performance assessment system for local governments, as well as cracking down on offenders, China has begun to see progress in curbing food safety scandals。
In early 2009, the world was caught off-guard by a new influenza A virus, with the World Health Organization issuing its highest influenza pandemic alert。
Not long after its outbreak in North America, the virus was transmitted to China, throwing the Chinese into a panic reminiscent of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) epidemic in 2003.
Li decisively implemented joint prevention by all relevant departments and urged the quick development of vaccines, which stopped the spread of the virus and minimized its impact on China。
This triumph has been lauded as an exemplary emergency response to a sudden public health incident。
As China's current reforms involve a more complicated problem of interests, analysts say knowledge and a broad horizon are as important in Chinese leaders as courage and resources。
PEOPLE FIRST
Li's tenacity and decisiveness were shaped by his early days。
In March 1974, when China was being ravaged by the Cultural Revolution, 19-year-old Li was dispatched to Fengyang, a poverty-stricken county in east China's Anhui Province, to take up farming。
It was there he came to understand poverty and starvation。
He tilled the land during the day and read books at night. Admiring Li's spirit and his capacity to endure hardship, members of Dongling Brigade, Damiao Commune, chose him as Party chief。
"He was always the first to work, self-disciplined, down to earth and kind. As Party secretary, he never made people suffer, harmed no one and bullied no one," villagers recalled。
When the country resumed college entrance examination in 1977, Li took the exam and was accepted by the Law School of Peking University. Soon, he was elected chief of the university's Student Union. Upon graduation in 1982, he remained at Peking University to head its CYLC committee。
Three years later, the 30-year-old was chosen as a member of the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the CYLC, an organization of advanced young people under the leadership of the CPC。
While working with the CYLC Central Committee, Li devoted his spare time to studying the Chinese economy. His doctoral dissertation, "On the Tri-structure of China's Economy," won him the Sun Yefang Prize, the top honor for economic sciences on the Chinese mainland。
During his tenure at the CYLC Central Committee, he chose the site for the country's first primary school of Project Hope in Jinzhai County, east China's Anhui Province. Project Hope, co-launched by the CYLC Central Committee, is a charity dedicated to helping children in poverty-stricken areas access education。
He said he hoped the Hope School could bring hope to children in the CPC's revolutionary bases。
The move inspired other philanthropic actions, such as Youth Volunteers。
When Li left Beijing for Henan Province in June 1998, he set a record by becoming the country's youngest governor with a doctoral degree。
In seven years, Li avoided unnecessary social activities and devoted himself to solving problems concerning Henan's development. Given that the province had learned a bitter lesson from pomposity, Li instructed local officials to keep a low profile, say little and do much。
Breaking Henan's stereotypical image as an agricultural province, Li pursued industrialization, urbanization and agricultural modernization. In 2003, he formally proposed the concept of "the rise of the Central Plains" and put it into practice in Henan。
The Central Plains refer to regions comprising the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, including Henan, Hebei, Shandong and Shanxi provinces。
His proposal and practices became a prototype for the rise of central China, which is home to one-fourth of China's population and accounts for one-fifth of the country's economic output。
Apart from consolidating Henan's advantages as China's granary, Li facilitated the upgrade of local industries to extend the province's industrial chain. He also proposed the construction of an industrial corridor linking the provincial capital of Zhengzhou with the cities of Kaifeng and Luoyang, along which a number of pillar industries and conglomerates have been formed。
He urged local government officials to introduce capital, technology, experts, advanced management experience and mechanisms from eastern coastal provinces, which have been in the forefront of China's economic expansion, as well as strengthen cooperation with western provinces to seize bigger market share。
Using such tactics, Li figured out how to shift Henan from an agricultural province to an emerging industrial province。
Li also facilitated the province's urbanization by incubating city clusters in the Central Plains as new growth points。
He carried out an urbanization experiment through the development of the Zhengdong New District。
Instead of a sprawling area based on an old town relying on a single industry, the new district is an energy-efficient and livable place with finance, upscale commerce, logistics and tourism as its pillar industries。
For seven years, Henan maintained a growth rate 1.63 percentage points higher than the national average. The province climbed from 20th to 17th in national per capita GDP ranking, and its overall GDP ranked as the country's fifth largest and the first among western and central regions。
But more complicated challenges followed。
After more than 10 years of latency, HIV broke out in a number of places in Henan, aggravating the province's vulnerability to HIV/AIDS。
Li visited the worst-hit villages to see patients, surveying the difficulties they faced and staying on top of the situation. Gao Yaojie, a retired doctor and AIDS activist, was invited to his office to report on the situation。
When he served as Party chief of the province in 2002, Li immediately put HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment at the top of the agenda。
In Henan, he oversaw the country' s first provincial census on HIV/AIDS。
A total of 38 hard-hit villages received assistance directly from provincial governmental departments。
To ensure that HIV and AIDS patients could live decent lives, he instituted a policy that provided them shelter, food, clothing and basic medical insurance. Those who contracted the deadly disease from selling blood on the black market could receive free treatment, free physical exams and free services to control maternal-infant transmission of the virus. Orphans, as well as children of those with HIV/AIDS, could go to school free of charge。
By 2004, the HIV outbreak had been contained. Yin Yin Nwe, then representative of the United Nations Children's Fund for China, said Henan is a model both for China and the world and its experience is worth being popularized。
When Li was elevated to the central government, he was the chief of the State Council's AIDS prevention commission and made efforts to bring social forces into play。
He visited nongovernmental organizations to talk with volunteers and HIV/AIDS patients to encourage them to play a bigger a role in HIV/AIDS prevention。
In a congratulatory letter sent to Li on his re-election as member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee in November this year, UNAIDS Executive Director Michel Sidibe recognized the progress China has achieved in AIDS prevention and thanked Li for his leadership in this regard。
When Li was transferred to northeast China's Liaoning Province in 2004, he faced a different challenge。
There, Li was stunned to learn that nearly a thousand people in one town were sharing one toilet。
"The government will not hesitate to spend everything to help you move out of slums," Li vowed。
In March 2005, a renovation plan was released. Within three years, 1.2 million residents had moved into new apartments and the shantytowns had been relegated to history。
During the shantytown renovation, Li repeatedly emphasized the need to "put the people first," which later evolved into the essence of his governance philosophy。
Apart from housing upgrades, Li also explored ways to tap new growth points for the old industrial base。
He capitalized on the central government's Northeastern China Rejuvenation Plan and the national policy of further opening up the country's east coast to develop Liaoning's coastal areas. In this way, he worked to offset the province's disadvantages stemming from its reliance on heavy industrial manufacturing for growth。
In 2009, the province's coastal economic belt designed by Li became a national strategy and played a key role in the rejuvenation of the northeastern industrial base。
SCHOLARLY TEMPERAMENT
Born in 1955 in east China's Anhui Province, Li spent his formative years studying sinology, or Chinese language and culture, from Li Cheng, a master of Chinese culture with the Anhui Provincial Research Institute of Cultural History。
This rare experience, combined with his later education at Peking University, turned him into a learned, eloquent person with a quick wit。
"I came here not only for knowledge, but also to cultivate my temperament and foster a learning style," Li once wrote in an essay to explain his love of Peking University。
In August 2011, he gave a speech in both Chinese and English at the University of Hong Kong, impressing participants with his scholarly temperament, discretion and friendliness。
The erudite leader has also shown enthusiasm and open-mindedness in foreign affairs. Early last year, he visited Spain, Germany and Britain, attending 46 activities in nine days。
He contributed signed articles to influential media in each host country to explain China's development and conducted in-depth exchanges with foreign statesmen to facilitate Sino-European cooperation。
In October 2011, Li led a delegation to the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Republic of Korea to ease tensions on the Korean Peninsula。
It was the first time a Chinese leader had visited the two countries back-to-back, as well as a significant diplomatic maneuver taken by China to facilitate peace in northeast Asia。
During his April trip to Europe, which included stops in Russia, Hungary, Belgium and the EU headquarters in Brussels, Li gave speeches, attended economic activities and conducted exchanges with foreign statesmen。
At the first EU-China Urbanization Partnership High-Level Conference, Li and President of the European Commission Jose Manuel Barroso signed a joint declaration to cement cooperation on sustainable urban development。
During his meeting with then Russian President-elect and Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, Li proposed a mutually beneficial solution emphasizing upstream and downstream integration, which injected new momentum into China-Russia oil and gas cooperation。
All these activities offer a glimpse into his foresight and capability in coping with foreign affairs。
Li Keqiang reads English works in his spare time and monitors the latest economic and technical developments around the world。
A few years ago, he instructed think tanks of the State Council to study the concepts of the "middle-income trap" and "inclusive growth" as proposed by the World Bank and the Asia Development Bank。
"The Third Industrial Revolution" authored by Jeremy Rifkin, president of the Foundation on Economic Trends, also caught Li's attention. He has asked the National Development and Reform Commission and the Development Research Center of the State Council to pay close attention to this research and made his latest instruction early November this year。
After a leading overseas science magazine published research predicting that combustible ice in the sea could become a revolutionary substitute energy source, Li instructed the Ministry of Land and Resources to follow relevant studies。
Li loves books and has a good memory. Through divergent thinking, he can link the research of many frontier issues with classical Chinese works, according to sources close to him。
He also prefers to make impromptu speeches, talk face-to-face, ask in-depth questions, find the nature of problems and develop solutions on the spot if possible。
Reading has not only broadened Li's horizons but has also cultivated his character. He always lives an honorable life and never allows his family or staff to seek personal gain using his name, said one of his colleagues。
Chen Hong, Li's wife, is an English professor at the foreign language department of Capital University of Economics and Business. The couple have one daughter。
His toughness in advancing complex reforms, as well as his social warmth and scholarly temperament have made him a major figure in China's political arena。
Calling reform "the biggest dividend for China," Vice Premier Li Keqiang has used different occasions to facilitate reforms since being re-elected in mid-November as a member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee。
"Reform is like rowing upstream. Failing to advance means falling back," he said at a symposium on advancing comprehensive reforms。
"Those who refuse to reform may not make mistakes, but they will be blamed for not assuming their historical responsibility," he said。
China's new wave of reform has begun with curbing bureaucracy in meetings. When presiding over meetings, Li forbids officials to read prepared speeches, encourages them to take the floor freely and asks incisive and persistent questions to get to the bottom of matters。
In a meeting on China's HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment, he encouraged representatives from nongovernmental organizations to talk more about their problems, even though this delayed his appointment with other officials。
Li has also emphasized that only reform can improve Chinese people's living standards and that future reforms must ensure equal rights and opportunities for the people and ensure that everybody adheres to the rules。
From secretary of a village CPC branch to member of the CPC's highest leading body, Li, 57, has continuously maintained a down-to-earth work style and the principle of putting people first。
His curriculum vitae reflects his rich governance experience. Li served as secretary of the Communist Youth League of China (CYLC) committee of Peking University. He was a member of the Secretariat of the CYLC Central Committee and the Party chief of Henan and Liaoning provinces。
Confident, smart and eloquent in public, Li is frank, amiable, resolute and responsible at work, according to his acquaintances。
After 10 years of study at Peking University, Li earned a bachelor's degree in law and master's and doctorate degrees in economics. He has excelled in China's officialdom due to his academic accomplishments and international perspective。
Li first joined the highest leading body of the CPC five years ago at the first Plenary Session of the 17th CPC Central Committee. A few months later, he became China's youngest vice premier in nearly 20 years。
TENACIOUS REFORMER
Li has garnered much attention by tackling complex reforms over the past five years, during which time China has faced multiple challenges, including the deadly Wenchuan earthquake and the international financial crisis。
Macroeconomic adjustment was the first challenge the vice premier had to face in 2008.
When there was no agreement on a proper way to manage the repercussions of the international financial crisis, Li asked the State Council's fiscal and economic planning departments to adopt a proactive fiscal policy with the precondition of keeping the deficit below 3 percent。
The decision gave the Chinese economy a boost that was strong enough to avoid complications such as the sovereign debt crisis in Europe and the "fiscal cliff" in the United States。
Li also chaired more than 40 meetings to deliberate on and make arrangements for an affordable housing program for the needy, which is the biggest of its kind in China and has helped boost domestic consumption amid a slowing world economy。
Over the past few years, China's fiscal spending on affordable housing construction has reached a record high. With 17 million government-subsidized apartments already built, nearly 100 million Chinese have moved into comfortable, high-quality homes, and another 13 million apartments are currently under construction or being renovated。
Another reform that has thrust Li into a widening spotlight relates to medical and health care services, a worldwide challenge。
After Li took over as head of the State Council's leading group for medical and health care reform, the country quickly set a goal of turning medical and health care into a basic public service accessible to all, taking a progressive approach to prioritizing the basic needs of the people and the need for institutional improvement。
The central government has issued 14 documents to inspire local experiments since 2009. All relevant tasks are being implemented efficiently。
Under this regimen, the government has built the world's largest medical care system in more than three years, effectively easing public concern in this area。
U.S. scholar Robert Lawrence Kuhn said he considers this reform to be the greatest achievement China has scored in the past decade。
Margaret Chan, director-general of the World Health Organization, has called the achievement hard-won。
John Langenbrunner, the World Bank's chief health economist, described the results achieved by the reforms as unprecedented。
Li was also credited with seizing the opportunity presented by the 2008 financial crisis to propel complex fuel tax reforms involving multiple stakeholders。
The initiative has helped eliminate redundant fuel fees, inspired energy conservation and emission reduction, improved the refined oil pricing system and accumulated experience for future reforms。
This year, Li went to great lengths to tackle another bottleneck in tax reform. He conducted field surveys and led relevant departments to institute reform plans that replace turnover taxes with value-added taxes. After Shanghai spearheaded a pilot program, the tax burdens of the local service industry and small enterprises have been largely eased。
A prelude to the much-expected structural tax cut, the pilot program has now been expanded to nine provinces and municipalities as a significant institutional innovation for facilitating economic restructuring, boosting economic growth and improving people's living standards。
Li also led the formulation of China's 12th Five-Year Plan (2011-2015)， which provides both overall guidance for the country's future development and specific guidance in nearly 100 areas。
Although Li was familiar with China's agricultural and industrial development as head of Henan and Liaoning provinces, he has gained a broader understanding of China's national circumstances after being put in charge of development and reform, fiscal affairs, urban-rural construction, environmental protection, land and resources and public health for the State Council。
He knows China's potential in economic and social development as well as the opportunities and challenges the country is facing。
To formulate a sound plan, Li conducted field surveys in a number of places and governmental departments, solicited opinions from lower-level officials, industrial experts and entrepreneurs and presided over symposiums to brainstorm plans concerning the tertiary and energy industries。
In-depth research was carried out for more than two years on significant issues, such as expanding domestic consumption in a sustainable manner, narrowing the urban-rural gap, designing an urbanization path and steadily improving people's living standards。
U.S. economist Michael Spence, a Nobel laureate, said the 12th Five-Year Plan is very complicated but clear. Its effective implementation will turn China into the most significant player in transforming economic growth patterns and rebalancing the world economy, he noted。
Joseph Stiglitz, also a Nobel laureate, said the development plan charts the direction of China's economic restructuring, with China's central task being to open up and better integrate with the outside world。
New responsibilities and opportunities will abound and the country will be more involved in reshaping the world economic order, he said。
Martin Feldstein, a professor of economics at Harvard University, noted the plan's important implications for the global economy. "Its key feature is to shift official policy from maximizing GDP growth toward raising consumption and average workers' standard of living," he noted。
Known as a tough troubleshooter, Li has regularly appeared where he has been needed most。
When food safety scares cropped up in 2010, Li was asked to head the State Council's food safety commission, orchestrating multisector cooperation。
"Food safety concerns every family and each person. Giving food safety offenders a knock-out blow is a must," Li stressed。
By including food safety in the performance assessment system for local governments, as well as cracking down on offenders, China has begun to see progress in curbing food safety scandals。
In early 2009, the world was caught off-guard by a new influenza A virus, with the World Health Organization issuing its highest influenza pandemic alert。
Not long after its outbreak in North America, the virus was transmitted to China, throwing the Chinese into a panic reminiscent of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) epidemic in 2003.
Li decisively implemented joint prevention by all relevant departments and urged the quick development of vaccines, which stopped the spread of the virus and minimized its impact on China。
This triumph has been lauded as an exemplary emergency response to a sudden public health incident。
As China's current reforms involve a more complicated problem of interests, analysts say knowledge and a broad horizon are as important in Chinese leaders as courage and resources。
PEOPLE FIRST
Li's tenacity and decisiveness were shaped by his early days。
In March 1974, when China was being ravaged by the Cultural Revolution, 19-year-old Li was dispatched to Fengyang, a poverty-stricken county in east China's Anhui Province, to take up farming。
It was there he came to understand poverty and starvation。
He tilled the land during the day and read books at night. Admiring Li's spirit and his capacity to endure hardship, members of Dongling Brigade, Damiao Commune, chose him as Party chief。
"He was always the first to work, self-disciplined, down to earth and kind. As Party secretary, he never made people suffer, harmed no one and bullied no one," villagers recalled。
When the country resumed college entrance examination in 1977, Li took the exam and was accepted by the Law School of Peking University. Soon, he was elected chief of the university's Student Union. Upon graduation in 1982, he remained at Peking University to head its CYLC committee。
Three years later, the 30-year-old was chosen as a member of the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the CYLC, an organization of advanced young people under the leadership of the CPC。
While working with the CYLC Central Committee, Li devoted his spare time to studying the Chinese economy. His doctoral dissertation, "On the Tri-structure of China's Economy," won him the Sun Yefang Prize, the top honor for economic sciences on the Chinese mainland。
During his tenure at the CYLC Central Committee, he chose the site for the country's first primary school of Project Hope in Jinzhai County, east China's Anhui Province. Project Hope, co-launched by the CYLC Central Committee, is a charity dedicated to helping children in poverty-stricken areas access education。
He said he hoped the Hope School could bring hope to children in the CPC's revolutionary bases。
The move inspired other philanthropic actions, such as Youth Volunteers。
When Li left Beijing for Henan Province in June 1998, he set a record by becoming the country's youngest governor with a doctoral degree。
In seven years, Li avoided unnecessary social activities and devoted himself to solving problems concerning Henan's development. Given that the province had learned a bitter lesson from pomposity, Li instructed local officials to keep a low profile, say little and do much。
Breaking Henan's stereotypical image as an agricultural province, Li pursued industrialization, urbanization and agricultural modernization. In 2003, he formally proposed the concept of "the rise of the Central Plains" and put it into practice in Henan。
The Central Plains refer to regions comprising the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, including Henan, Hebei, Shandong and Shanxi provinces。
His proposal and practices became a prototype for the rise of central China, which is home to one-fourth of China's population and accounts for one-fifth of the country's economic output。
Apart from consolidating Henan's advantages as China's granary, Li facilitated the upgrade of local industries to extend the province's industrial chain. He also proposed the construction of an industrial corridor linking the provincial capital of Zhengzhou with the cities of Kaifeng and Luoyang, along which a number of pillar industries and conglomerates have been formed。
He urged local government officials to introduce capital, technology, experts, advanced management experience and mechanisms from eastern coastal provinces, which have been in the forefront of China's economic expansion, as well as strengthen cooperation with western provinces to seize bigger market share。
Using such tactics, Li figured out how to shift Henan from an agricultural province to an emerging industrial province。
Li also facilitated the province's urbanization by incubating city clusters in the Central Plains as new growth points。
He carried out an urbanization experiment through the development of the Zhengdong New District。
Instead of a sprawling area based on an old town relying on a single industry, the new district is an energy-efficient and livable place with finance, upscale commerce, logistics and tourism as its pillar industries。
For seven years, Henan maintained a growth rate 1.63 percentage points higher than the national average. The province climbed from 20th to 17th in national per capita GDP ranking, and its overall GDP ranked as the country's fifth largest and the first among western and central regions。
But more complicated challenges followed。
After more than 10 years of latency, HIV broke out in a number of places in Henan, aggravating the province's vulnerability to HIV/AIDS。
Li visited the worst-hit villages to see patients, surveying the difficulties they faced and staying on top of the situation. Gao Yaojie, a retired doctor and AIDS activist, was invited to his office to report on the situation。
When he served as Party chief of the province in 2002, Li immediately put HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment at the top of the agenda。
In Henan, he oversaw the country' s first provincial census on HIV/AIDS。
A total of 38 hard-hit villages received assistance directly from provincial governmental departments。
To ensure that HIV and AIDS patients could live decent lives, he instituted a policy that provided them shelter, food, clothing and basic medical insurance. Those who contracted the deadly disease from selling blood on the black market could receive free treatment, free physical exams and free services to control maternal-infant transmission of the virus. Orphans, as well as children of those with HIV/AIDS, could go to school free of charge。
By 2004, the HIV outbreak had been contained. Yin Yin Nwe, then representative of the United Nations Children's Fund for China, said Henan is a model both for China and the world and its experience is worth being popularized。
When Li was elevated to the central government, he was the chief of the State Council's AIDS prevention commission and made efforts to bring social forces into play。
He visited nongovernmental organizations to talk with volunteers and HIV/AIDS patients to encourage them to play a bigger a role in HIV/AIDS prevention。
In a congratulatory letter sent to Li on his re-election as member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee in November this year, UNAIDS Executive Director Michel Sidibe recognized the progress China has achieved in AIDS prevention and thanked Li for his leadership in this regard。
When Li was transferred to northeast China's Liaoning Province in 2004, he faced a different challenge。
There, Li was stunned to learn that nearly a thousand people in one town were sharing one toilet。
"The government will not hesitate to spend everything to help you move out of slums," Li vowed。
In March 2005, a renovation plan was released. Within three years, 1.2 million residents had moved into new apartments and the shantytowns had been relegated to history。
During the shantytown renovation, Li repeatedly emphasized the need to "put the people first," which later evolved into the essence of his governance philosophy。
Apart from housing upgrades, Li also explored ways to tap new growth points for the old industrial base。
He capitalized on the central government's Northeastern China Rejuvenation Plan and the national policy of further opening up the country's east coast to develop Liaoning's coastal areas. In this way, he worked to offset the province's disadvantages stemming from its reliance on heavy industrial manufacturing for growth。
In 2009, the province's coastal economic belt designed by Li became a national strategy and played a key role in the rejuvenation of the northeastern industrial base。
SCHOLARLY TEMPERAMENT
Born in 1955 in east China's Anhui Province, Li spent his formative years studying sinology, or Chinese language and culture, from Li Cheng, a master of Chinese culture with the Anhui Provincial Research Institute of Cultural History。
This rare experience, combined with his later education at Peking University, turned him into a learned, eloquent person with a quick wit。
"I came here not only for knowledge, but also to cultivate my temperament and foster a learning style," Li once wrote in an essay to explain his love of Peking University。
In August 2011, he gave a speech in both Chinese and English at the University of Hong Kong, impressing participants with his scholarly temperament, discretion and friendliness。
The erudite leader has also shown enthusiasm and open-mindedness in foreign affairs. Early last year, he visited Spain, Germany and Britain, attending 46 activities in nine days。
He contributed signed articles to influential media in each host country to explain China's development and conducted in-depth exchanges with foreign statesmen to facilitate Sino-European cooperation。
In October 2011, Li led a delegation to the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Republic of Korea to ease tensions on the Korean Peninsula。
It was the first time a Chinese leader had visited the two countries back-to-back, as well as a significant diplomatic maneuver taken by China to facilitate peace in northeast Asia。
During his April trip to Europe, which included stops in Russia, Hungary, Belgium and the EU headquarters in Brussels, Li gave speeches, attended economic activities and conducted exchanges with foreign statesmen。
At the first EU-China Urbanization Partnership High-Level Conference, Li and President of the European Commission Jose Manuel Barroso signed a joint declaration to cement cooperation on sustainable urban development。
During his meeting with then Russian President-elect and Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, Li proposed a mutually beneficial solution emphasizing upstream and downstream integration, which injected new momentum into China-Russia oil and gas cooperation。
All these activities offer a glimpse into his foresight and capability in coping with foreign affairs。
Li Keqiang reads English works in his spare time and monitors the latest economic and technical developments around the world。
A few years ago, he instructed think tanks of the State Council to study the concepts of the "middle-income trap" and "inclusive growth" as proposed by the World Bank and the Asia Development Bank。
"The Third Industrial Revolution" authored by Jeremy Rifkin, president of the Foundation on Economic Trends, also caught Li's attention. He has asked the National Development and Reform Commission and the Development Research Center of the State Council to pay close attention to this research and made his latest instruction early November this year。
After a leading overseas science magazine published research predicting that combustible ice in the sea could become a revolutionary substitute energy source, Li instructed the Ministry of Land and Resources to follow relevant studies。
Li loves books and has a good memory. Through divergent thinking, he can link the research of many frontier issues with classical Chinese works, according to sources close to him。
He also prefers to make impromptu speeches, talk face-to-face, ask in-depth questions, find the nature of problems and develop solutions on the spot if possible。
Reading has not only broadened Li's horizons but has also cultivated his character. He always lives an honorable life and never allows his family or staff to seek personal gain using his name, said one of his colleagues。
Chen Hong, Li's wife, is an English professor at the foreign language department of Capital University of Economics and Business. The couple have one daughter。
2012年12月29日星期六
Boxing Day是西方的“节礼日”
Boxing Day是西方的“节礼日”
12月26日，圣诞节之后的第二天。通常英国，美国，加拿大，澳大利亚，新西兰的商家都会在这一天开始打折，因此这天也是人们抢购便宜商品的好时机。（如果12月26日是周六周日，那Boxing Day 有可能被移到下一个星期一。 ）但是到了现在，实际上Boxing Day已经不止是12月26日一天，通常在圣诞节之前的一个礼拜或前三天，商家就会开展一系列的打折活动。Boxing Day已经成为圣诞购物季的一部分。
每年12月26日称为节礼日（Boxing Day），加人选在圣诞节后一天采购减价商品，根据加拿大统计局显示，加国每人在节礼日平均花费两百至三百元，为零售业带来庞大销售业绩。
追溯节礼日起源，与商业一点关系也没有，节礼日原本称为圣司提反节（St. Stephen's Day），为纪念圣司提反遭异教徒用石块砸死，成为基督教第一位殉教者。大英国协旗下国家，包括英国、爱尔兰、澳大利亚、及加拿大，都把这天定为节日并举行纪念庆典。
节礼日（Boxing Day）这个名词出现于中世纪，当时圣诞节前教堂门口放置捐款箱，圣诞节过后工作人员打开箱子，将募得款项捐给穷人因此称为节礼日。
节礼日曾一度销声匿迹，直到十九世纪才再度风行，英国皇宫贵族及贵妇，习惯将赐与仆人的礼物用盒子包起来，到12月26日那一天送给他们，作为圣诞节前辛勤工作的奖励。
另一种说法是佣人在圣诞节后一天放假，因此主人准备礼盒在他们启程回家前作为答谢。尽管现在雇用仆人的家庭大为减少，但是钗h地区至今仍保留圣诞节赠礼给服务业的习惯。
大概没几个人不知道12月25日是圣诞节，可你知道圣诞节之后的第一天是什么日子吗？原来西方人把12月26日叫做Boxing Day（节礼日），意为圣诞节后的第一个工作日。
其实在美国，Boxing Day也渐渐变成了一个新兴的“传统假日”，这一天人们可以在头天的狂欢后好好休息一下，也可以冲进疯狂打折促销的商场里再尽余兴。
下面谈谈Boxing Day这种说法的起源吧，这里的box指的是一个小方盒子，多为陶瓷或陶土质地，上方开着一个可以塞进硬币的小口。哈哈，这不就是储蓄罐吗？西方人叫它Christmas box。
从17世纪早期起，西方的学徒和送货员们就会在圣诞节带上这么一个盒子去见他们的师傅或老顾客，希望他们在盒子里放一些小费当作圣诞礼物。当他们“募捐”到足够多的“圣诞礼物”后，就会把盒子砸开，然后和其他的学徒或送货员共同分享这些钱。后来，因为圣诞节当天家家户户都很忙碌，所以这一传统的收礼仪式就推后到次日，也就是Boxing Day了。
18世纪时，这种用来装钱的小小的陶瓷盒子慢慢销声匿迹了，而圣诞节送小费这一传统却仍旧保留下来，而这种小费本身就叫做Christmas box。
收起所有的兴奋与喜悦，等到明年12月再来狂欢。今天是圣诞后的第一工作日，西方人称它为“Boxing Day”。就中文译名而言，您可以叫它“节礼日”、“礼盒节”，或者“拆礼物日”。按英联邦传统风俗，在这一天，服务行业人员都会得到小费或者老板的奖励。
现代意义上的“Boxing Day”似乎更应理解为“圣诞节后大减价”—— 商家的促销日，顾客的狂购日。许多人一大早就来到商店门前排队，以便抢购自己提前看中的商品。“礼盒节”这天，降价最多的是圣诞树、圣诞装饰和礼品包装纸，而买的人居然也不少。
当然，除了减价和抢购，“Boxing Day”也体现了圣诞施恩互助的真谛。在这一天，教堂门口摆放的募捐箱盒会被打开，慈善人员将募捐到的钱物分配给穷人。
就其渊源而言，“Boxing Day”最早见于中世纪。一种说法认为，它是为纪念殉教者St. Stephen（圣•斯达番）的宗教节日。不过，更有主流观点认为，“Boxing Day”最初指佣人、学徒的“奖赏日”、“休息日”。由于佣人们必须在圣诞节工作，所以他们被允许在节后的第一天休假，雇主们往往会准备一些礼盒，在佣人们回家之前送给他们。
12月26日，圣诞节之后的第二天。通常英国，美国，加拿大，澳大利亚，新西兰的商家都会在这一天开始打折，因此这天也是人们抢购便宜商品的好时机。（如果12月26日是周六周日，那Boxing Day 有可能被移到下一个星期一。 ）但是到了现在，实际上Boxing Day已经不止是12月26日一天，通常在圣诞节之前的一个礼拜或前三天，商家就会开展一系列的打折活动。Boxing Day已经成为圣诞购物季的一部分。
每年12月26日称为节礼日（Boxing Day），加人选在圣诞节后一天采购减价商品，根据加拿大统计局显示，加国每人在节礼日平均花费两百至三百元，为零售业带来庞大销售业绩。
追溯节礼日起源，与商业一点关系也没有，节礼日原本称为圣司提反节（St. Stephen's Day），为纪念圣司提反遭异教徒用石块砸死，成为基督教第一位殉教者。大英国协旗下国家，包括英国、爱尔兰、澳大利亚、及加拿大，都把这天定为节日并举行纪念庆典。
节礼日（Boxing Day）这个名词出现于中世纪，当时圣诞节前教堂门口放置捐款箱，圣诞节过后工作人员打开箱子，将募得款项捐给穷人因此称为节礼日。
节礼日曾一度销声匿迹，直到十九世纪才再度风行，英国皇宫贵族及贵妇，习惯将赐与仆人的礼物用盒子包起来，到12月26日那一天送给他们，作为圣诞节前辛勤工作的奖励。
另一种说法是佣人在圣诞节后一天放假，因此主人准备礼盒在他们启程回家前作为答谢。尽管现在雇用仆人的家庭大为减少，但是钗h地区至今仍保留圣诞节赠礼给服务业的习惯。
大概没几个人不知道12月25日是圣诞节，可你知道圣诞节之后的第一天是什么日子吗？原来西方人把12月26日叫做Boxing Day（节礼日），意为圣诞节后的第一个工作日。
其实在美国，Boxing Day也渐渐变成了一个新兴的“传统假日”，这一天人们可以在头天的狂欢后好好休息一下，也可以冲进疯狂打折促销的商场里再尽余兴。
下面谈谈Boxing Day这种说法的起源吧，这里的box指的是一个小方盒子，多为陶瓷或陶土质地，上方开着一个可以塞进硬币的小口。哈哈，这不就是储蓄罐吗？西方人叫它Christmas box。
从17世纪早期起，西方的学徒和送货员们就会在圣诞节带上这么一个盒子去见他们的师傅或老顾客，希望他们在盒子里放一些小费当作圣诞礼物。当他们“募捐”到足够多的“圣诞礼物”后，就会把盒子砸开，然后和其他的学徒或送货员共同分享这些钱。后来，因为圣诞节当天家家户户都很忙碌，所以这一传统的收礼仪式就推后到次日，也就是Boxing Day了。
18世纪时，这种用来装钱的小小的陶瓷盒子慢慢销声匿迹了，而圣诞节送小费这一传统却仍旧保留下来，而这种小费本身就叫做Christmas box。
收起所有的兴奋与喜悦，等到明年12月再来狂欢。今天是圣诞后的第一工作日，西方人称它为“Boxing Day”。就中文译名而言，您可以叫它“节礼日”、“礼盒节”，或者“拆礼物日”。按英联邦传统风俗，在这一天，服务行业人员都会得到小费或者老板的奖励。
现代意义上的“Boxing Day”似乎更应理解为“圣诞节后大减价”—— 商家的促销日，顾客的狂购日。许多人一大早就来到商店门前排队，以便抢购自己提前看中的商品。“礼盒节”这天，降价最多的是圣诞树、圣诞装饰和礼品包装纸，而买的人居然也不少。
当然，除了减价和抢购，“Boxing Day”也体现了圣诞施恩互助的真谛。在这一天，教堂门口摆放的募捐箱盒会被打开，慈善人员将募捐到的钱物分配给穷人。
就其渊源而言，“Boxing Day”最早见于中世纪。一种说法认为，它是为纪念殉教者St. Stephen（圣•斯达番）的宗教节日。不过，更有主流观点认为，“Boxing Day”最初指佣人、学徒的“奖赏日”、“休息日”。由于佣人们必须在圣诞节工作，所以他们被允许在节后的第一天休假，雇主们往往会准备一些礼盒，在佣人们回家之前送给他们。
新华社评出2012年国内十大新闻(按事件发生时间为序)
新华社评出2012年国内十大新闻(按事件发生时间为序)
一、八年来首次调低经济增长预期
3月14日，十一届全国人大五次会议上批准政府工作报告，提出2012年中国经济增长的预期目标为7.5%。这是八年来第一次降低经济增速目标，目的是与“十二五”规划目标逐步衔接，引导各方面把工作着力点放到加快转变经济发展方式、切实提高经济发展质量和效益上来。从经济运行情况看，在稳增长政策作用下，我国经济的内生力量逐渐恢复，经济增速从9月份开始企稳回升，全年经济增长的预期目标能够较好完成。
二、三年医改实现阶段性目标
3月14日，国务院印发《“十二五”期间深化医药卫生体制改革规划暨实施方案》，进一步明确了2012年至2015年新一轮医改的规划和任务，并将医改的重心逐步从基层上移到公立医院，将更多涉及体制机制改革问题。截至2011年底，我国城乡居民参加基本医保人数超13亿，覆盖率达95%以上。这标志着2009年至2011年以基层为重点的新医改工作实现了阶段性目标，惠及全民的医疗保障网基本建成。
三、薄熙来受查处王立军被判刑
4月10日，鉴于薄熙来涉嫌在王立军事件和薄谷开来案件中严重违纪，中央决定停止其担任的职务，由中央纪委对其立案调查。此后，薄熙来被开除党籍、开除公职，检察机关依法对其立案侦查。8月20日，合肥市中级法院以薄谷开来犯有故意杀人罪，判处其死刑，缓期两年执行。9月24日，成都市中级法院以王立军犯有徇私枉法罪、叛逃罪、滥用职权罪、受贿罪，判处其有期徒刑15年。
四、我国切实保护南海东海海洋权益
针对有关国家侵害我南海、东海海域权益的问题，我国展开了有理、有力、有节的斗争。4月以来，我国派出海监、渔政等政府公务船只、飞机对黄岩岛进行持续监管，并为我渔船、渔民提供管理和服务。9月，我国宣布钓鱼岛及其附属岛屿领海基线。海监、渔政船只、飞机连续数月来在钓鱼岛海域开展全方位例行维权巡航，实现巡航常态化。12月，我国向联合国提交东海部分海域200海里以外大陆架外部界限划界案，重申东海权利主张范围。在南海、东海问题上采取的一系列措施，昭示了我维护国家领土主权与海洋权益的坚定信念。
五、“神九”“天宫”手控交会对接成功
神舟九号飞船6月16日18时37分成功发射，中国航天员景海鹏、刘旺、刘洋飞往“天宫”。33岁的刘洋成为中国第一个飞向太空的女性。神舟九号与天宫一号18日在距地球343公里的太空紧紧相拥，景海鹏、刘旺、刘洋依次“飞”进“天宫”。24日神舟九号与天宫一号完成首次手控交会对接。29日神舟九号飞船返回舱成功降落在内蒙古中部主着陆场预定区域，3位航天员平安回家。
六、“蛟龙”号创载人深潜新纪录
6月27日，我国“蛟龙”号载人潜水器在太平洋马里亚纳海沟区域进行的7000米级海试的六次下潜试验中，最大下潜深度达到7062米，创造了我国载人深潜新纪录，实现了我国深海技术发展的新突破和重大跨越，标志着我国深海载人技术达到国际领先水平，使我国具备了在全球99.8%的海洋深处开展科学研究、资源勘探的能力。
七、我国首艘航母正式交付海军
我国第一艘航母“辽宁舰”，在按计划完成建造和试验试航工作后，9月25日正式交付海军。在航空母舰问世将近百年之际，作为当今世界第二大经济体、人口最多的国度，中国终于拥有了自己的航空母舰。“辽宁舰”交接入列后，我国自行设计研制的首型舰载多用途战斗机歼-15,顺利完成起降飞行训练。航母平台和飞机的技术性能得到了充分验证，舰机适配性能良好，达到了设计指标要求。
八、十八大完成换届提出新目标
中国共产党第十八次全国代表大会于11月8日至14日在北京举行。会议确立了科学发展观的历史地位，提出了夺取中国特色社会主义新胜利必须牢牢把握的基本要求，确定了全面建成小康社会和全面深化改革开放的目标。15日召开的十八届一中全会，选举产生25人组成的十八届中央政治局，选举习近平、李克强、张德江、俞正声、刘云山、王岐山、张高丽为中央政治局常委，选举习近平为中央委员会总书记。
九、城乡居民养老保险全覆盖
人力资源和社会保障部11月13日发布消息，截至今年10月底，城乡居民社会养老保险参保人数达4.59亿，其中1.25亿城乡老年居民领取养老金。2009年下半年，国务院决定开展新型农村社会养老保险试点，2011年启动城镇居民社会养老保险试点。今年上半年，国务院决定在全国所有县级行政区全面开展新型农村社会养老保险和城镇居民社会养老保险工作，从制度上保证了人人享有养老保障。
十、中央制定改进作风八项规定
中共中央政治局12月4日召开会议，审议并一致同意中央政治局关于改进工作作风、密切联系群众的八项规定，要求改进调查研究；精简会议活动，切实改进会风；精简文件简报，切实改进文风；规范出访活动；改进警卫工作；改进新闻报道；严格文稿发表；厉行勤俭节约，严格遵守廉洁从政有关规定。会议强调，抓作风建设，首先要从中央政治局做起，要求别人做到的自己先要做到，要求别人不做的自己坚决不做，以良好党风带动政风民风，真正赢得群众信任和拥护。
2012年12月29日 来源：新华网
一、八年来首次调低经济增长预期
3月14日，十一届全国人大五次会议上批准政府工作报告，提出2012年中国经济增长的预期目标为7.5%。这是八年来第一次降低经济增速目标，目的是与“十二五”规划目标逐步衔接，引导各方面把工作着力点放到加快转变经济发展方式、切实提高经济发展质量和效益上来。从经济运行情况看，在稳增长政策作用下，我国经济的内生力量逐渐恢复，经济增速从9月份开始企稳回升，全年经济增长的预期目标能够较好完成。
二、三年医改实现阶段性目标
3月14日，国务院印发《“十二五”期间深化医药卫生体制改革规划暨实施方案》，进一步明确了2012年至2015年新一轮医改的规划和任务，并将医改的重心逐步从基层上移到公立医院，将更多涉及体制机制改革问题。截至2011年底，我国城乡居民参加基本医保人数超13亿，覆盖率达95%以上。这标志着2009年至2011年以基层为重点的新医改工作实现了阶段性目标，惠及全民的医疗保障网基本建成。
三、薄熙来受查处王立军被判刑
4月10日，鉴于薄熙来涉嫌在王立军事件和薄谷开来案件中严重违纪，中央决定停止其担任的职务，由中央纪委对其立案调查。此后，薄熙来被开除党籍、开除公职，检察机关依法对其立案侦查。8月20日，合肥市中级法院以薄谷开来犯有故意杀人罪，判处其死刑，缓期两年执行。9月24日，成都市中级法院以王立军犯有徇私枉法罪、叛逃罪、滥用职权罪、受贿罪，判处其有期徒刑15年。
四、我国切实保护南海东海海洋权益
针对有关国家侵害我南海、东海海域权益的问题，我国展开了有理、有力、有节的斗争。4月以来，我国派出海监、渔政等政府公务船只、飞机对黄岩岛进行持续监管，并为我渔船、渔民提供管理和服务。9月，我国宣布钓鱼岛及其附属岛屿领海基线。海监、渔政船只、飞机连续数月来在钓鱼岛海域开展全方位例行维权巡航，实现巡航常态化。12月，我国向联合国提交东海部分海域200海里以外大陆架外部界限划界案，重申东海权利主张范围。在南海、东海问题上采取的一系列措施，昭示了我维护国家领土主权与海洋权益的坚定信念。
五、“神九”“天宫”手控交会对接成功
神舟九号飞船6月16日18时37分成功发射，中国航天员景海鹏、刘旺、刘洋飞往“天宫”。33岁的刘洋成为中国第一个飞向太空的女性。神舟九号与天宫一号18日在距地球343公里的太空紧紧相拥，景海鹏、刘旺、刘洋依次“飞”进“天宫”。24日神舟九号与天宫一号完成首次手控交会对接。29日神舟九号飞船返回舱成功降落在内蒙古中部主着陆场预定区域，3位航天员平安回家。
六、“蛟龙”号创载人深潜新纪录
6月27日，我国“蛟龙”号载人潜水器在太平洋马里亚纳海沟区域进行的7000米级海试的六次下潜试验中，最大下潜深度达到7062米，创造了我国载人深潜新纪录，实现了我国深海技术发展的新突破和重大跨越，标志着我国深海载人技术达到国际领先水平，使我国具备了在全球99.8%的海洋深处开展科学研究、资源勘探的能力。
七、我国首艘航母正式交付海军
我国第一艘航母“辽宁舰”，在按计划完成建造和试验试航工作后，9月25日正式交付海军。在航空母舰问世将近百年之际，作为当今世界第二大经济体、人口最多的国度，中国终于拥有了自己的航空母舰。“辽宁舰”交接入列后，我国自行设计研制的首型舰载多用途战斗机歼-15,顺利完成起降飞行训练。航母平台和飞机的技术性能得到了充分验证，舰机适配性能良好，达到了设计指标要求。
八、十八大完成换届提出新目标
中国共产党第十八次全国代表大会于11月8日至14日在北京举行。会议确立了科学发展观的历史地位，提出了夺取中国特色社会主义新胜利必须牢牢把握的基本要求，确定了全面建成小康社会和全面深化改革开放的目标。15日召开的十八届一中全会，选举产生25人组成的十八届中央政治局，选举习近平、李克强、张德江、俞正声、刘云山、王岐山、张高丽为中央政治局常委，选举习近平为中央委员会总书记。
九、城乡居民养老保险全覆盖
人力资源和社会保障部11月13日发布消息，截至今年10月底，城乡居民社会养老保险参保人数达4.59亿，其中1.25亿城乡老年居民领取养老金。2009年下半年，国务院决定开展新型农村社会养老保险试点，2011年启动城镇居民社会养老保险试点。今年上半年，国务院决定在全国所有县级行政区全面开展新型农村社会养老保险和城镇居民社会养老保险工作，从制度上保证了人人享有养老保障。
十、中央制定改进作风八项规定
中共中央政治局12月4日召开会议，审议并一致同意中央政治局关于改进工作作风、密切联系群众的八项规定，要求改进调查研究；精简会议活动，切实改进会风；精简文件简报，切实改进文风；规范出访活动；改进警卫工作；改进新闻报道；严格文稿发表；厉行勤俭节约，严格遵守廉洁从政有关规定。会议强调，抓作风建设，首先要从中央政治局做起，要求别人做到的自己先要做到，要求别人不做的自己坚决不做，以良好党风带动政风民风，真正赢得群众信任和拥护。
2012年12月29日 来源：新华网
亨特利（Huntly）介绍
亨特利（Huntly）介绍
亨特利（Huntly）位于新西兰的怀卡托地区，有一座大型火力发电站，也是煤炭的主产地。露天煤矿每天出产大约10000吨煤。1842年，当地的牧师在这里首次发现了煤田。19世纪60年代，一个露天煤矿开始采掘，为怀卡托河上的船只提供煤炭。在镇子的煤矿博物馆里，你会了解到这个地方的采煤历史，其中也包括不可避免的矿难介绍。亨特利市的另一个景点是哈卡里马塔步道，在那里可以看到当地的贝克杉、小溪和瀑布。作为主要交通要道边上的小镇，亨特利有许多可供选择的就餐餐馆。本地有许多牧场住宿场所。
实用信息：人口约6800，有各式商店和服务，有限的住宿。
醋的81種妙用
醋的81種妙用
1 睡前一杯冷開水，加一湯匙醋，喝後可助眠。
2 打嗝時飲醋一小杯，一口氣喝下去即可消除。
3 便秘者每日酌量喝白水加醋，可潤腸通便。
4 用醋塗抹蚊蟲叮咬處，可減輕癢痛、消腫。
5 坐車前喝醋開水，防暈車。
6 在溫熱的洗澡水中，加少許醋，洗浴後會感覺格外涼爽、舒適。
7 將醋與甘油以5：1的比例混合，經常擦用，能使粗糙的皮膚變得細嫩。
8 洗滌綢緞等絲織品，在水里加些醋，有利於保持原有的光澤。
9 毛料褲子的經常摩擦部分，會變白發亮，蘸上1：1的醋水（一半醋一半水）輕搓，然後覆一塊干布，
用熨斗熨燙，就能去掉亮跡。
10 衣服上沾染了顏色或水果汁污跡，用幾滴醋輕搓幾下，就能去掉。
11 寫毛筆字時，用醋磨墨，寫出來的字又黑又亮，不易褪色。
12 在清水中加一湯匙醋，可把玻璃和傢俱擦洗得更為潔淨。
13 新買的漆器用品有一股強烈的漆味，用少許醋滴入淘米水中洗滌，可除去漆味。
14 用舊了的銅器、鋁器，先用醋塗一遍，幹後再用水洗，容易揩擦掉污垢。
15 將凍肉浸入含醋的水中化凍。此法同樣適宜於凍魚的解凍。
16 熱開水中加醋煮雞鴨幾分鐘後取出，很容易退壳。
17 一定比例的醋蒸饅頭，特別白。
18 夏天，淡醋水灑在魚身上，魚肉隔日不會變壞。
19 燒醋開水熏屋子預防流感等上呼吸道疾病。
20 醋加白糖衝開水，涼後喝下可解暑。
21 流鼻血時，用藥棉蘸醋塞鼻，血即止。
22 牙膏上滴兩滴醋刷牙，持之以恆牙變白。
23 溫開水加醋，喝下解酒。
24 開水中加醋和食鹽，一次喝下治輕度腹瀉。
25 洗完衣服，加少量醋漂洗能除衣物的異味。
26 塗指甲油前先塗層醋，醋幹再塗指甲油則不易脫落。
27 做魚、羊肉時加醋，除腥膻。
28 煮麵條時加醋，可使麵條變白，除去麵條的咸味。
29 炒菜鹽放多了，可放少許醋補救。
30 去皮的土豆泡在醋水裏，土豆不變色。
31 洗木耳時放少許醋，再搓洗方便去除沙土。
32 將雞、鴨蛋洗淨，再用醋泡兩分鐘，然後將蛋放入鹽水裏，醃一周後就變鹹。
33 在削芋頭前，將雙手用醋洗一下，就不會癢。
34 在蛋清中加一小匙醋，可以很快把蛋清打得發泡。
35 加醋煮牛肉、海帶、土豆等，很容易煮爛。
36 炒苦瓜時加少許醋可減輕苦味。
37 收拾魚時，在魚身上塗醋，魚不容易滑出去。魚鱗容易刮淨。
38 發酵麵團時如堿放多了，可加入白醋與堿中和。
39 洗髮後用白醋塗於頭髮上按摩，再稍稍用清水沖洗，頭髮會變得柔軟黑亮、防止脫髮。洗髮時常加醋去頭皮屑。
40 清水中加幾滴白醋，花枝底部再修剪一下，花期會長。
41 在調製植物殺蟲水劑時，可以加入少許酸醋，便能使殺蟲劑的藥力發揮更大的效果。
42 處理過肉類的砧板容易滋生細菌，可用醋清洗殺菌。
43 在煮蛋時水中放醋，不容易煮破，好剝殼。
44 做沙拉時，最後一道清洗手續時加醋，可避免沙拉出水。
45 將衣褲改長時，褶紋不易燙平，可以沾點醋後再燙，褶紋就可以消除了。
46 將新絲襪浸於加醋的水中，既可除臭又可防止絲襪脫線。
47 食欲不振時喝點醋可開胃。
48 淤血膿毒時可飲用醋可化淤。
49 頭暈時喝醋緩解頭痛。
50 血壓高時喝醋降血壓、軟化血管，降低血脂。
51 擦皮鞋時加上一二滴醋，可使鞋面更鮮亮持久。
52 老母雞灌醋後再殺，煮時肉容易爛。
53 魚骨梗喉，吞幾口醋，可使骨刺酥軟，順利咽下。
54 理髮吹風前，在頭髮上噴一點醋，吹燙的髮式能長久保持。
55 洗滌有色布料時，在水中加一點醋，不易掉色。
56 濃醋熱水泡腳治療腳氣。
57 在烹調水產品蟹、是、海蜇時，先用1%的醋液浸泡一小時，可防止嗜鹽桿菌引起的食物中毒。
58 加薑末和醋拌松花蛋可除松花蛋異味。
59 如大米存放時間較長，蒸飯時只要加入點醋，蒸出來的米飯就會白、粘、香。
60 清除蔬菜上的小蟲在洗蔬菜的水中加一點醋，便可以清除附在葉子上的小蟲。
61 在烹調蔬菜時適當加點醋，可以減少維生素C的損失。
62 炒茄子時加點醋，則茄子不易變黑。
63 玻璃上的油漆，用醋浸軟後一擦就掉。
64 絲品洗淨後，放在加入少量醋的清水中浸泡幾分鐘，晾乾後光澤如新。
65 如遇水火燙傷，用醋淋洗，能止痛消腫，防止起泡，傷好後無斑痕。
66 在飯館或公共場所就餐前，用醋消毒一下筷子，可以預防腸道傳染病。
67 將沖淡的醋液搽在臉上後，皺紋會逐漸消失，美白。
68 用醋調石灰粉，塗敷腋下，每日二次能治療狐臭。
69 煮甜粥時加點醋，可使甜粥更甜。
70 燒水時加醋可去除壺裏的水鹼。
71 醋水擦洗水龍頭可除水漬。
72 醋水擦玻璃鏡子，非常乾淨。
73 水缸的裂穎、破洞，可以用白生鐵粉加醋拌勻修補，經久不脫。
74 醋灌洗肛門，或用棉球蘸醋塞入肛門過夜可治療蟯蟲病。
75 剪指甲前先用溫醋水泡手腳，甲皮易於修剪，甲縫中的污垢也容易清除。
76 白術浸于白醋中。密封7天后取白術擦雀斑和黑斑部位，堅持每天塗，雀斑和黑斑會變淺而消退。
77 新鐵鍋燒熱，倒進幾兩醋刷鍋後洗乾淨，以後炒菜，就沒有黑色和鐵銹味了。
78 尿布洗乾淨後用醋水泡幾分鐘再洗淨，尿布可變柔軟。
79 新餐具放入10%的醋水內煮上兩三小時後再用,可除去新瓷器所含的微量鋁。
80 陳醋與冷開水以1∶8的比例混合,用棉簽蘸醋水擦拭鼻孔,一般擦後即可通氣。
81 喝醋水治療嘔吐。
裘福春医生提供
1 睡前一杯冷開水，加一湯匙醋，喝後可助眠。
2 打嗝時飲醋一小杯，一口氣喝下去即可消除。
3 便秘者每日酌量喝白水加醋，可潤腸通便。
4 用醋塗抹蚊蟲叮咬處，可減輕癢痛、消腫。
5 坐車前喝醋開水，防暈車。
6 在溫熱的洗澡水中，加少許醋，洗浴後會感覺格外涼爽、舒適。
7 將醋與甘油以5：1的比例混合，經常擦用，能使粗糙的皮膚變得細嫩。
8 洗滌綢緞等絲織品，在水里加些醋，有利於保持原有的光澤。
9 毛料褲子的經常摩擦部分，會變白發亮，蘸上1：1的醋水（一半醋一半水）輕搓，然後覆一塊干布，
用熨斗熨燙，就能去掉亮跡。
10 衣服上沾染了顏色或水果汁污跡，用幾滴醋輕搓幾下，就能去掉。
11 寫毛筆字時，用醋磨墨，寫出來的字又黑又亮，不易褪色。
12 在清水中加一湯匙醋，可把玻璃和傢俱擦洗得更為潔淨。
13 新買的漆器用品有一股強烈的漆味，用少許醋滴入淘米水中洗滌，可除去漆味。
14 用舊了的銅器、鋁器，先用醋塗一遍，幹後再用水洗，容易揩擦掉污垢。
15 將凍肉浸入含醋的水中化凍。此法同樣適宜於凍魚的解凍。
16 熱開水中加醋煮雞鴨幾分鐘後取出，很容易退壳。
17 一定比例的醋蒸饅頭，特別白。
18 夏天，淡醋水灑在魚身上，魚肉隔日不會變壞。
19 燒醋開水熏屋子預防流感等上呼吸道疾病。
20 醋加白糖衝開水，涼後喝下可解暑。
21 流鼻血時，用藥棉蘸醋塞鼻，血即止。
22 牙膏上滴兩滴醋刷牙，持之以恆牙變白。
23 溫開水加醋，喝下解酒。
24 開水中加醋和食鹽，一次喝下治輕度腹瀉。
25 洗完衣服，加少量醋漂洗能除衣物的異味。
26 塗指甲油前先塗層醋，醋幹再塗指甲油則不易脫落。
27 做魚、羊肉時加醋，除腥膻。
28 煮麵條時加醋，可使麵條變白，除去麵條的咸味。
29 炒菜鹽放多了，可放少許醋補救。
30 去皮的土豆泡在醋水裏，土豆不變色。
31 洗木耳時放少許醋，再搓洗方便去除沙土。
32 將雞、鴨蛋洗淨，再用醋泡兩分鐘，然後將蛋放入鹽水裏，醃一周後就變鹹。
33 在削芋頭前，將雙手用醋洗一下，就不會癢。
34 在蛋清中加一小匙醋，可以很快把蛋清打得發泡。
35 加醋煮牛肉、海帶、土豆等，很容易煮爛。
36 炒苦瓜時加少許醋可減輕苦味。
37 收拾魚時，在魚身上塗醋，魚不容易滑出去。魚鱗容易刮淨。
38 發酵麵團時如堿放多了，可加入白醋與堿中和。
39 洗髮後用白醋塗於頭髮上按摩，再稍稍用清水沖洗，頭髮會變得柔軟黑亮、防止脫髮。洗髮時常加醋去頭皮屑。
40 清水中加幾滴白醋，花枝底部再修剪一下，花期會長。
41 在調製植物殺蟲水劑時，可以加入少許酸醋，便能使殺蟲劑的藥力發揮更大的效果。
42 處理過肉類的砧板容易滋生細菌，可用醋清洗殺菌。
43 在煮蛋時水中放醋，不容易煮破，好剝殼。
44 做沙拉時，最後一道清洗手續時加醋，可避免沙拉出水。
45 將衣褲改長時，褶紋不易燙平，可以沾點醋後再燙，褶紋就可以消除了。
46 將新絲襪浸於加醋的水中，既可除臭又可防止絲襪脫線。
47 食欲不振時喝點醋可開胃。
48 淤血膿毒時可飲用醋可化淤。
49 頭暈時喝醋緩解頭痛。
50 血壓高時喝醋降血壓、軟化血管，降低血脂。
51 擦皮鞋時加上一二滴醋，可使鞋面更鮮亮持久。
52 老母雞灌醋後再殺，煮時肉容易爛。
53 魚骨梗喉，吞幾口醋，可使骨刺酥軟，順利咽下。
54 理髮吹風前，在頭髮上噴一點醋，吹燙的髮式能長久保持。
55 洗滌有色布料時，在水中加一點醋，不易掉色。
56 濃醋熱水泡腳治療腳氣。
57 在烹調水產品蟹、是、海蜇時，先用1%的醋液浸泡一小時，可防止嗜鹽桿菌引起的食物中毒。
58 加薑末和醋拌松花蛋可除松花蛋異味。
59 如大米存放時間較長，蒸飯時只要加入點醋，蒸出來的米飯就會白、粘、香。
60 清除蔬菜上的小蟲在洗蔬菜的水中加一點醋，便可以清除附在葉子上的小蟲。
61 在烹調蔬菜時適當加點醋，可以減少維生素C的損失。
62 炒茄子時加點醋，則茄子不易變黑。
63 玻璃上的油漆，用醋浸軟後一擦就掉。
64 絲品洗淨後，放在加入少量醋的清水中浸泡幾分鐘，晾乾後光澤如新。
65 如遇水火燙傷，用醋淋洗，能止痛消腫，防止起泡，傷好後無斑痕。
66 在飯館或公共場所就餐前，用醋消毒一下筷子，可以預防腸道傳染病。
67 將沖淡的醋液搽在臉上後，皺紋會逐漸消失，美白。
68 用醋調石灰粉，塗敷腋下，每日二次能治療狐臭。
69 煮甜粥時加點醋，可使甜粥更甜。
70 燒水時加醋可去除壺裏的水鹼。
71 醋水擦洗水龍頭可除水漬。
72 醋水擦玻璃鏡子，非常乾淨。
73 水缸的裂穎、破洞，可以用白生鐵粉加醋拌勻修補，經久不脫。
74 醋灌洗肛門，或用棉球蘸醋塞入肛門過夜可治療蟯蟲病。
75 剪指甲前先用溫醋水泡手腳，甲皮易於修剪，甲縫中的污垢也容易清除。
76 白術浸于白醋中。密封7天后取白術擦雀斑和黑斑部位，堅持每天塗，雀斑和黑斑會變淺而消退。
77 新鐵鍋燒熱，倒進幾兩醋刷鍋後洗乾淨，以後炒菜，就沒有黑色和鐵銹味了。
78 尿布洗乾淨後用醋水泡幾分鐘再洗淨，尿布可變柔軟。
79 新餐具放入10%的醋水內煮上兩三小時後再用,可除去新瓷器所含的微量鋁。
80 陳醋與冷開水以1∶8的比例混合,用棉簽蘸醋水擦拭鼻孔,一般擦後即可通氣。
81 喝醋水治療嘔吐。
裘福春医生提供
2012年12月28日星期五
驻奥克兰总领馆赴哈密尔顿市现场办公
驻奥克兰总领馆赴哈密尔顿市现场办公
12月15日，驻奥克兰总领馆证件组及办公室领事驱车100多公里，再次前往领区南部第二大城市哈密尔顿进行现场办公。证件组工作人员热情接待了50多位华侨华人，为他们办理了健在证明，护照换发、补发，签证及公证咨询等业务，负责领保的工作人员也同时进行领保宣传，为每个办证的侨胞分发了领事保护宣传手册，并接受了有关咨询。
现场领事服务受到该市华人华侨的欢迎和好评，特别是年龄较大的侨胞对总领馆工作人员牺牲周六休息时间为他们提供服务，免去他们要求子女专门请假开车送他们到奥克兰总领馆办证之难表示衷心的感谢。
汉密尔顿中国学者学生联谊会朱玺先生、市政厅Philip 杨先生及晚晴协会朱明元会长等为该活动提供了协助。
文稿：领馆2012/12/18报道
照片：朱玺先生12月28日提供
蒂阿瓦木图 Te Awamutu介绍
蒂阿瓦木图 Te Awamutu介绍
蒂阿瓦木图称自己为“新西兰玫瑰之都”，在11月至4月繁花盛开的季节，紧挨着参观中心的花园，色彩鲜艳的2000株玫瑰令人迷恋。蒂阿瓦姆图也是一个著名的博物馆，有大量的毛利人珍品和怀卡托岛战争故事。陈列着当地音乐英雄蒂姆和尼尔•芬(斯普利特•恩兹和拥挤的豪宅)是另一个吸引人的地方。如果你曾经想尝试攀岩，附近的发利帕帕南部区域是攀岩者的天堂。这里提供指导。岛西部的皮朗吉亚森林公园提供徒步旅行和骑马旅行。
实用信息：人口大约9340，游客信息中心，各式商店，住宿和服务。
蒂阿瓦木图称自己为“新西兰玫瑰之都”，在11月至4月繁花盛开的季节，紧挨着参观中心的花园，色彩鲜艳的2000株玫瑰令人迷恋。蒂阿瓦姆图也是一个著名的博物馆，有大量的毛利人珍品和怀卡托岛战争故事。陈列着当地音乐英雄蒂姆和尼尔•芬(斯普利特•恩兹和拥挤的豪宅)是另一个吸引人的地方。如果你曾经想尝试攀岩，附近的发利帕帕南部区域是攀岩者的天堂。这里提供指导。岛西部的皮朗吉亚森林公园提供徒步旅行和骑马旅行。
实用信息：人口大约9340，游客信息中心，各式商店，住宿和服务。
输液的危害=自杀
输液的危害=自杀
据中国安全注射联盟统计，我国每年因不安全注射导致死亡的人数在39万以上。当前有的村卫生所或医院为了骗钱，“凡病皆吊瓶”的现象非常严重。哪怕是牙痛、伤风感冒等小病，也要挂“吊瓶”。专家调查发现，95%以上的人不知道滥用输液及不安全注射的危害。据世界卫生组织统 计，70%以上的输液为不必要的输液。触目惊心的滥用输液已给人类带来重 大灾难。我国已成了重灾区。
国内外医学专家呼吁：“医生在选择用药时，要遵循可以口服的不注射，可肌肉注射不静脉 注射的原则”。如医生违背这一原则，滥用输液，会给病人造成不良后果，甚至危及生命。这是因为强行将药物和水往血液中灌输，要比口服药有更大的风险。临床发现“吊瓶”中加入的药物越多，其毒副作用就越大，而且微粒剧增。“吊瓶”中如合用七种药物，其毒副作用就会增加50%以上。有些药物配合不当，进入血管可发生化学反应性沉淀。例如 氨苄青霉素与去甲肾上腺素联用，可呈现棕色沉淀。有的医生常大量 为病人输注维生素C。其实连续大量输注维生素C，可使病人出现中毒反应。滥打“吊瓶”的输液反应也很严重。某科研单位统计：6个医疗单位，一年之中就有326例输液反应，其中死亡7例。输液反应轻者头痛、低烧、药疹、心慌，重者高烧、寒颤、关 节酸痛、烦躁、抽搐、休克甚至死亡，滥打“吊瓶”还可造成人体水、电解质平衡紊乱。
任何质量好的注射剂都达不到理想的“零微粒”标准。北京某医院在对“吊瓶”检查中发现，在1毫升20%甘露醇药液中，可查出粒径4~30微米的微粒598个。在1毫升50%葡萄糖加入青霉素的药液中可检出粒径2~16微米的微粒542个。一毫升药液中含有这么多微粒，那500毫升药液中就会有20万个微粒。由于人体最小的毛细血管的直径只有4~7微米，如果经常打“吊瓶”，药液中超过4微米的微粒就会蓄积在心、肺、肝、肾、肌肉、皮肤等毛细血管中 ，长此下去，就会直接造成微血管血栓、出血及静脉压增高、肺动脉 高压、肺纤维化并致癌。微粒堵积还会引起局部供血不足、组织缺血 、缺氧、水肿和炎症、过敏等。随输液进入人体中的大量微粒被巨噬 细胞吞噬后，可使巨噬细胞增大，形成肉芽肿。有一学者对一个一生 输过 40升 “吊瓶”的尸体进行解剖，发现该尸体仅肺部就有500多个肉芽肿及大量微血管塞堵。由于输液对血管也是一种刺激，长 期输液常会导致静脉发炎，出现红肿疼痛、局部体温升高，甚至硬化 等。
静脉输液和口服药物的最终效果是完全一致的。如果病人胃肠 功能正常，是万万不可滥用静脉输液的。滥用静脉输液一则多花钱， 二则可使你的身体受到伤害，严重的甚至断送性命。那么，什么情况 才能静脉输液给药呢？专家认为只有3种情况：吞咽困难；严重吸收障碍（如呕吐、严重腹泻等）；病情 危重，发展迅速，药物在组织中宜达到高浓度才能紧急处理的情况。 许多年来医学界一直延用老一辈专家提出的“能口服就不肌注，能肌注就不静滴”的用药原则，虽然随着社会的发展，药品不再短缺，人们为了追求 高效率、快节奏的生活，强调一步到位，动辄就进行输液治疗，已经 带来了许多严重的不良后果，以至于国外同行把我们社区诊所的医生 称之为“水大夫”！
输液治疗尽管作用强、见效快，但它的危害和不良反应也很突出， 不当的输液治疗将对患者的健康造成严重危害！
危害
（一）据统计用电镜观察每瓶输入人体的液体里有大约30万个直径在10--30?0?3玻璃碎屑及橡胶微粒，而人体毛细血管直径只有10?0?3,所以这些看不见的微粒将沉积在肺脏导致肺功能下降，现代人肺功 能下降、肺活量降低与此不无关系！
（二）输液过多过快将引起急性心衰，长期输液将加重心脏和肾脏 负担,对健康带来严重不良影响.
(三)输液过多往往伴随着抗生素的大量滥用,导致人体菌群失调,抗病能力下降,免疫力降低以及细菌抗药性的增加.这些都将对我们的身体产生严重的恶果!
(四)如果消毒不严、操作不规范，因液体污染引起过敏反应、输液反应等，为此每年全国都有不少人 付出生命！
对策
输液打吊瓶，因其见效快、疗程短而深受青睐，但是现在，很多人 无论什么病，也不管病情如何，纷纷要求输液。特别是换季之时，感 冒发烧的患者大幅增加，各大医院输液室人满为患，而实际上，大部 分患者是上呼吸道感染引起的发烧，其实根本用不着输液，吃些药， 多休息休息就会好。输液本是为了治病，但是不根据病情就频繁地挂 上吊瓶，不但可能对病情不利，反而可能对身体造成更多损害。与口 服药物相比，输液的过敏反应几率更高，更易产生耐药性。无论小感 冒还是其他什么病，人们总以为输液打吊瓶最保险又省事，但却有可 能成为一种“输液病”。据北大第一医院血液内科的许医生介绍，“输液病”就是有些人得了一些感冒等小的疾病时，喜欢采用输液的方式治疗 ，导致以后再得同样的病如果不输液就不太容易治愈。因为输液的相 对药量更大一些，而且不经过胃肠道吸收直接进入血液，效果可能更 明显。但是一般人得了感冒等病去医院输液，一天一般只输一次，这 样就会造成本来应一天分三次或四次输入的药量一次性输入了体内， 输完后血药浓度要达到一个高峰，但过一段时间浓度就会降低，这样 就造成血药浓度不稳定，以后就可能诱发细菌产生耐药性。还有就是 过敏反应。相对而言，口服药要经过肠道吸收，将身体不需要的或对 身体有害的物质过滤掉，之后才进入肝脏代谢，经过这样一个过程之 后就会降低血药浓度，进而降低过敏反应发生的几率。而输液时药物 直接进入血液，发生过敏反应的几率相对就大，而且快，甚至有些过 敏反应是致命的。输液药品微粒过大，长期积累，易造成肺部堵塞， 影响肺脏功能。相对于口服药而言，频繁地输液可能还会对身体的一 些器官造成影响。任何液体药品在生产过程中都会产生或多或少的不 溶性微粒，国家在这方面也有相应的标准。
据北京妇产医院妇幼保健院副院长丁辉介绍，国家《药典》中规定 的液体药品中含有的不容性微粒直径不能超过10毫微米。但是有调查却发现，市场上销售的很多输液药品含有的不容性微粒直径都超过了这一规 定，有的甚至达到50毫微米以上。
人体最窄处的毛细血管是不超过10毫微米的，因此一旦输液药品微粒过大，就会在血管内造成堵塞。武警总医院病理科主任纪小龙指出，药品进入血液后，全身所有的 静脉血都要回流到一个屏障器官，即肺脏，它能起到过滤器的作用， 所以只要是直径大于毛细血管最窄处的颗粒都会被肺过滤出来，只能 停留在肺里。这些颗粒无法通过代谢排出体外，这样就会造成肺部堵 塞，肺部血管本来都是通畅的，这些颗粒积聚在肺部就使得氧气交换 不够，人体呼吸困难。颗粒堵在血管里无法被清除出去，这时身体自 动地采取第二个处理办法，就是将这些颗粒包起来，形成一个更大的 团块。输液时如果经常输不合格的药品，肺里就会积聚很多这样的团 块。
丁辉认为，我们平时输的液体一般是每瓶250毫升或500毫升，如果按每瓶500毫升计算的话，只要我们所输的药品达到80瓶，就会在我们的体内留下5000多个那样的团块，致使肺形成纤维化，呼吸能力就会下降，同时可 能影响全身的氧的供应。定期输液预防心脑血管病效果值得怀疑现在 ，一些中老年人定期到医院输点活血化淤、扩张血管的药物，以预防 血栓、冠心病或栓塞发生。但是这样做有多大的作用呢？
北医一院心内科一位不愿透露姓名的大夫认为，这样做没有科学依 据，虽然静脉输液会比口服药起效快，但停止输液后没有口服药维持的时间长。而且心脑血管病的致病因素很多，特别是和人的生活饮食习惯关系 很密切，单纯地依靠输液并不能解决多大的问题。
建议：尽量避免用药，能口服的就不打针，能打针的就不输液。能吃保健 品的就不要吃药。
因液体污染引起过敏反应、输液反应等，为此每年，全国都有不少人， 付出生命为代价，这是个天文数字！
刘淑珍提供
据中国安全注射联盟统计，我国每年因不安全注射导致死亡的人数在39万以上。当前有的村卫生所或医院为了骗钱，“凡病皆吊瓶”的现象非常严重。哪怕是牙痛、伤风感冒等小病，也要挂“吊瓶”。专家调查发现，95%以上的人不知道滥用输液及不安全注射的危害。据世界卫生组织统 计，70%以上的输液为不必要的输液。触目惊心的滥用输液已给人类带来重 大灾难。我国已成了重灾区。
国内外医学专家呼吁：“医生在选择用药时，要遵循可以口服的不注射，可肌肉注射不静脉 注射的原则”。如医生违背这一原则，滥用输液，会给病人造成不良后果，甚至危及生命。这是因为强行将药物和水往血液中灌输，要比口服药有更大的风险。临床发现“吊瓶”中加入的药物越多，其毒副作用就越大，而且微粒剧增。“吊瓶”中如合用七种药物，其毒副作用就会增加50%以上。有些药物配合不当，进入血管可发生化学反应性沉淀。例如 氨苄青霉素与去甲肾上腺素联用，可呈现棕色沉淀。有的医生常大量 为病人输注维生素C。其实连续大量输注维生素C，可使病人出现中毒反应。滥打“吊瓶”的输液反应也很严重。某科研单位统计：6个医疗单位，一年之中就有326例输液反应，其中死亡7例。输液反应轻者头痛、低烧、药疹、心慌，重者高烧、寒颤、关 节酸痛、烦躁、抽搐、休克甚至死亡，滥打“吊瓶”还可造成人体水、电解质平衡紊乱。
任何质量好的注射剂都达不到理想的“零微粒”标准。北京某医院在对“吊瓶”检查中发现，在1毫升20%甘露醇药液中，可查出粒径4~30微米的微粒598个。在1毫升50%葡萄糖加入青霉素的药液中可检出粒径2~16微米的微粒542个。一毫升药液中含有这么多微粒，那500毫升药液中就会有20万个微粒。由于人体最小的毛细血管的直径只有4~7微米，如果经常打“吊瓶”，药液中超过4微米的微粒就会蓄积在心、肺、肝、肾、肌肉、皮肤等毛细血管中 ，长此下去，就会直接造成微血管血栓、出血及静脉压增高、肺动脉 高压、肺纤维化并致癌。微粒堵积还会引起局部供血不足、组织缺血 、缺氧、水肿和炎症、过敏等。随输液进入人体中的大量微粒被巨噬 细胞吞噬后，可使巨噬细胞增大，形成肉芽肿。有一学者对一个一生 输过 40升 “吊瓶”的尸体进行解剖，发现该尸体仅肺部就有500多个肉芽肿及大量微血管塞堵。由于输液对血管也是一种刺激，长 期输液常会导致静脉发炎，出现红肿疼痛、局部体温升高，甚至硬化 等。
静脉输液和口服药物的最终效果是完全一致的。如果病人胃肠 功能正常，是万万不可滥用静脉输液的。滥用静脉输液一则多花钱， 二则可使你的身体受到伤害，严重的甚至断送性命。那么，什么情况 才能静脉输液给药呢？专家认为只有3种情况：吞咽困难；严重吸收障碍（如呕吐、严重腹泻等）；病情 危重，发展迅速，药物在组织中宜达到高浓度才能紧急处理的情况。 许多年来医学界一直延用老一辈专家提出的“能口服就不肌注，能肌注就不静滴”的用药原则，虽然随着社会的发展，药品不再短缺，人们为了追求 高效率、快节奏的生活，强调一步到位，动辄就进行输液治疗，已经 带来了许多严重的不良后果，以至于国外同行把我们社区诊所的医生 称之为“水大夫”！
输液治疗尽管作用强、见效快，但它的危害和不良反应也很突出， 不当的输液治疗将对患者的健康造成严重危害！
危害
（一）据统计用电镜观察每瓶输入人体的液体里有大约30万个直径在10--30?0?3玻璃碎屑及橡胶微粒，而人体毛细血管直径只有10?0?3,所以这些看不见的微粒将沉积在肺脏导致肺功能下降，现代人肺功 能下降、肺活量降低与此不无关系！
（二）输液过多过快将引起急性心衰，长期输液将加重心脏和肾脏 负担,对健康带来严重不良影响.
(三)输液过多往往伴随着抗生素的大量滥用,导致人体菌群失调,抗病能力下降,免疫力降低以及细菌抗药性的增加.这些都将对我们的身体产生严重的恶果!
(四)如果消毒不严、操作不规范，因液体污染引起过敏反应、输液反应等，为此每年全国都有不少人 付出生命！
对策
输液打吊瓶，因其见效快、疗程短而深受青睐，但是现在，很多人 无论什么病，也不管病情如何，纷纷要求输液。特别是换季之时，感 冒发烧的患者大幅增加，各大医院输液室人满为患，而实际上，大部 分患者是上呼吸道感染引起的发烧，其实根本用不着输液，吃些药， 多休息休息就会好。输液本是为了治病，但是不根据病情就频繁地挂 上吊瓶，不但可能对病情不利，反而可能对身体造成更多损害。与口 服药物相比，输液的过敏反应几率更高，更易产生耐药性。无论小感 冒还是其他什么病，人们总以为输液打吊瓶最保险又省事，但却有可 能成为一种“输液病”。据北大第一医院血液内科的许医生介绍，“输液病”就是有些人得了一些感冒等小的疾病时，喜欢采用输液的方式治疗 ，导致以后再得同样的病如果不输液就不太容易治愈。因为输液的相 对药量更大一些，而且不经过胃肠道吸收直接进入血液，效果可能更 明显。但是一般人得了感冒等病去医院输液，一天一般只输一次，这 样就会造成本来应一天分三次或四次输入的药量一次性输入了体内， 输完后血药浓度要达到一个高峰，但过一段时间浓度就会降低，这样 就造成血药浓度不稳定，以后就可能诱发细菌产生耐药性。还有就是 过敏反应。相对而言，口服药要经过肠道吸收，将身体不需要的或对 身体有害的物质过滤掉，之后才进入肝脏代谢，经过这样一个过程之 后就会降低血药浓度，进而降低过敏反应发生的几率。而输液时药物 直接进入血液，发生过敏反应的几率相对就大，而且快，甚至有些过 敏反应是致命的。输液药品微粒过大，长期积累，易造成肺部堵塞， 影响肺脏功能。相对于口服药而言，频繁地输液可能还会对身体的一 些器官造成影响。任何液体药品在生产过程中都会产生或多或少的不 溶性微粒，国家在这方面也有相应的标准。
据北京妇产医院妇幼保健院副院长丁辉介绍，国家《药典》中规定 的液体药品中含有的不容性微粒直径不能超过10毫微米。但是有调查却发现，市场上销售的很多输液药品含有的不容性微粒直径都超过了这一规 定，有的甚至达到50毫微米以上。
人体最窄处的毛细血管是不超过10毫微米的，因此一旦输液药品微粒过大，就会在血管内造成堵塞。武警总医院病理科主任纪小龙指出，药品进入血液后，全身所有的 静脉血都要回流到一个屏障器官，即肺脏，它能起到过滤器的作用， 所以只要是直径大于毛细血管最窄处的颗粒都会被肺过滤出来，只能 停留在肺里。这些颗粒无法通过代谢排出体外，这样就会造成肺部堵 塞，肺部血管本来都是通畅的，这些颗粒积聚在肺部就使得氧气交换 不够，人体呼吸困难。颗粒堵在血管里无法被清除出去，这时身体自 动地采取第二个处理办法，就是将这些颗粒包起来，形成一个更大的 团块。输液时如果经常输不合格的药品，肺里就会积聚很多这样的团 块。
丁辉认为，我们平时输的液体一般是每瓶250毫升或500毫升，如果按每瓶500毫升计算的话，只要我们所输的药品达到80瓶，就会在我们的体内留下5000多个那样的团块，致使肺形成纤维化，呼吸能力就会下降，同时可 能影响全身的氧的供应。定期输液预防心脑血管病效果值得怀疑现在 ，一些中老年人定期到医院输点活血化淤、扩张血管的药物，以预防 血栓、冠心病或栓塞发生。但是这样做有多大的作用呢？
北医一院心内科一位不愿透露姓名的大夫认为，这样做没有科学依 据，虽然静脉输液会比口服药起效快，但停止输液后没有口服药维持的时间长。而且心脑血管病的致病因素很多，特别是和人的生活饮食习惯关系 很密切，单纯地依靠输液并不能解决多大的问题。
建议：尽量避免用药，能口服的就不打针，能打针的就不输液。能吃保健 品的就不要吃药。
因液体污染引起过敏反应、输液反应等，为此每年，全国都有不少人， 付出生命为代价，这是个天文数字！
刘淑珍提供
中美积蓄正能量求解“老问题新答案”
中美积蓄正能量求解“老问题新答案”
“当一个老牌强国和一个新兴强国相遇时会有何结果？”美国国务卿希拉里今年一年中至少三次在谈论中美关系时提及这个国际关系中的古老问题。
在纪念尼克松访华40周年时，今年3月希拉里最早提出这个问题。40年前还是穷学生的她通过电视看到的是一个贫困的中国，而今天中国已成世界第二大经济体，在世界几乎每一个重要机构中都发挥着作用。
在中国成为地缘政治大国之际，人们很自然地联想起一个所谓的历史“定律”：新兴大国与传统大国必然会发生冲突。为此，中美两国领导人在2012年不约而同地呼吁打破这个历史定律，正如希拉里所言“美中需要一个新答案。”
老问题与新答案
尽管解答这一古老问题需要时日，但两国领导人实际上已通过频繁的互动、探讨，指出了求解新答案的方向。
今年2月访美时，中国国家副主席习近平点出了破解“冲突”定律的思路：即用“不到长城非好汉”的决心和信心，以及“摸着石头过河”的耐心和智慧，探索出一条建设相互尊重、互利共赢合作伙伴关系的中美新型大国关系之路。
今年5月，在北京举行的中美战略与经济对话上，中国国家主席胡锦涛似乎有意回应了希拉里的问题，他说：“我们这个星球有足够大的空间，应能容得下中美两国和其他国家共同发展。”
胡锦涛提出，双方应努力发展让两国人民放心、让各国人民安心的新型大国关系。而发展这种大国关系，需要创新思维、需要平等互谅、需要厚植友谊。
希拉里自己虽无明确答案，但她说：“历史上虽有先例但不能为回答这个问题提供一个好答案。无论是帝国主义以及冷战的遗患，还是均势政治以及‘零和’观念，都将导致‘负和’的结果。我们需要建立一种牢不可破的关系，使我们两国在没有恶性竞争、没有敌对和冲突的条件下蓬勃发展。”
老朋友与新班子
“互相依赖意味着一国的成功取决于另一国的成功。我们要谱写一个与过去全然不同的未来。”希拉里在今年纪念尼克松访华40周年的一场演讲上如是说。
这段话，似乎是不愿连任的她对继任者留下的“工作交代”。最近，奥巴马已提名参议院外交委员会主席克里接任国务卿，不出意外，未来四年中国外交官将与克里一同求解那个古老问题。
克里可算是“中国人民的老朋友”，他曾多次访华，在中国立场上相对温和、理性，被称为“知华派”甚至“亲华派”。今年大选期间，他曾批评罗姆尼对华强硬政策是极端主义的“权宜之计”；更早前，他曾反对将对华最惠国待遇与人权挂钩，反对“台独”，甚至主张以“一国两制”解决台湾问题等。
值得一提的是，今年是中美两国大选年，奥巴马成功连任，习近平则当选为中共中央总书记，而两人也已是“老朋友”。2009年奥巴马访华时，习近平曾赶到机场迎接，而今年2月习近平访美时也受到高规格礼遇，“习奥会”长谈一个多小时。
今年12月，在两国换届之后，中国国务院副总理王岐山即率20多个部门的高官访美，实现了与奥巴马政府的“快速对接”，加深了两国新团队的的认识。
“老朋友”多多对中美关系无疑是一大利好，或可预料2013年中美关系的“磨合期”将不会太长。
四年开花与四年结果
尽管2013年两国关系将平稳过渡，但摩擦与分歧必不可免。原因是过去40年中美关系的许多老问题尚未解决，而一些新问题又浮出水面。
特别是奥巴马推出了“重返亚太”战略，在其首个任期内尚处于排兵布阵阶段，而第二个任期，可能会进入步步进逼的实质阶段，这预示着中美在亚太或进入“硬碰硬”时代。
不过，对中美关系也不必过于悲观。尽管两国的战略博弈在加深，但过去四年，中美已达成管控分歧的默契，且双方都有意寻找新的共同点和合作点，在“高层次战略博弈”的背景下适应和实现“深层次的合作”。
不久前，王岐山访美时在一场演讲以及与奥巴马会晤时，曾两度提及中美应“积累正能量”，在习近平不久前会见美国前总统卡特时首次作出这一表述后，“积累正能量”已然成为两国关系中的关键词。
如果说奥巴马第一个任期是“四年开花”，那么其第二个任期该是“四年结果”的时候。中美关系在“开花”之后能否顺利“结果”，某种程度上取决于两国积累起来的“正能量”是否“肥沃”到足以确保丰收。
2012年12月26日 来源：中国新闻网
中新社记者 吴庆才
“当一个老牌强国和一个新兴强国相遇时会有何结果？”美国国务卿希拉里今年一年中至少三次在谈论中美关系时提及这个国际关系中的古老问题。
在纪念尼克松访华40周年时，今年3月希拉里最早提出这个问题。40年前还是穷学生的她通过电视看到的是一个贫困的中国，而今天中国已成世界第二大经济体，在世界几乎每一个重要机构中都发挥着作用。
在中国成为地缘政治大国之际，人们很自然地联想起一个所谓的历史“定律”：新兴大国与传统大国必然会发生冲突。为此，中美两国领导人在2012年不约而同地呼吁打破这个历史定律，正如希拉里所言“美中需要一个新答案。”
老问题与新答案
尽管解答这一古老问题需要时日，但两国领导人实际上已通过频繁的互动、探讨，指出了求解新答案的方向。
今年2月访美时，中国国家副主席习近平点出了破解“冲突”定律的思路：即用“不到长城非好汉”的决心和信心，以及“摸着石头过河”的耐心和智慧，探索出一条建设相互尊重、互利共赢合作伙伴关系的中美新型大国关系之路。
今年5月，在北京举行的中美战略与经济对话上，中国国家主席胡锦涛似乎有意回应了希拉里的问题，他说：“我们这个星球有足够大的空间，应能容得下中美两国和其他国家共同发展。”
胡锦涛提出，双方应努力发展让两国人民放心、让各国人民安心的新型大国关系。而发展这种大国关系，需要创新思维、需要平等互谅、需要厚植友谊。
希拉里自己虽无明确答案，但她说：“历史上虽有先例但不能为回答这个问题提供一个好答案。无论是帝国主义以及冷战的遗患，还是均势政治以及‘零和’观念，都将导致‘负和’的结果。我们需要建立一种牢不可破的关系，使我们两国在没有恶性竞争、没有敌对和冲突的条件下蓬勃发展。”
老朋友与新班子
“互相依赖意味着一国的成功取决于另一国的成功。我们要谱写一个与过去全然不同的未来。”希拉里在今年纪念尼克松访华40周年的一场演讲上如是说。
这段话，似乎是不愿连任的她对继任者留下的“工作交代”。最近，奥巴马已提名参议院外交委员会主席克里接任国务卿，不出意外，未来四年中国外交官将与克里一同求解那个古老问题。
克里可算是“中国人民的老朋友”，他曾多次访华，在中国立场上相对温和、理性，被称为“知华派”甚至“亲华派”。今年大选期间，他曾批评罗姆尼对华强硬政策是极端主义的“权宜之计”；更早前，他曾反对将对华最惠国待遇与人权挂钩，反对“台独”，甚至主张以“一国两制”解决台湾问题等。
值得一提的是，今年是中美两国大选年，奥巴马成功连任，习近平则当选为中共中央总书记，而两人也已是“老朋友”。2009年奥巴马访华时，习近平曾赶到机场迎接，而今年2月习近平访美时也受到高规格礼遇，“习奥会”长谈一个多小时。
今年12月，在两国换届之后，中国国务院副总理王岐山即率20多个部门的高官访美，实现了与奥巴马政府的“快速对接”，加深了两国新团队的的认识。
“老朋友”多多对中美关系无疑是一大利好，或可预料2013年中美关系的“磨合期”将不会太长。
四年开花与四年结果
尽管2013年两国关系将平稳过渡，但摩擦与分歧必不可免。原因是过去40年中美关系的许多老问题尚未解决，而一些新问题又浮出水面。
特别是奥巴马推出了“重返亚太”战略，在其首个任期内尚处于排兵布阵阶段，而第二个任期，可能会进入步步进逼的实质阶段，这预示着中美在亚太或进入“硬碰硬”时代。
不过，对中美关系也不必过于悲观。尽管两国的战略博弈在加深，但过去四年，中美已达成管控分歧的默契，且双方都有意寻找新的共同点和合作点，在“高层次战略博弈”的背景下适应和实现“深层次的合作”。
不久前，王岐山访美时在一场演讲以及与奥巴马会晤时，曾两度提及中美应“积累正能量”，在习近平不久前会见美国前总统卡特时首次作出这一表述后，“积累正能量”已然成为两国关系中的关键词。
如果说奥巴马第一个任期是“四年开花”，那么其第二个任期该是“四年结果”的时候。中美关系在“开花”之后能否顺利“结果”，某种程度上取决于两国积累起来的“正能量”是否“肥沃”到足以确保丰收。
2012年12月26日 来源：中国新闻网
中新社记者 吴庆才
2012年12月27日星期四
退休三字经 •
退休三字经 •
人变老，是规律，体渐弱，自然理，生老死，无法抵，眨眼间，到乐极。
要长寿，靠自己，活百岁，也不稀，忌无知，养良习，送几句，望君记；
退休后，要自立，快适应，莫迟疑，心胸宽，淡名利，莫自卑，勿 攀比。
左不看，右不比，不问政，忘过去，放架子，从头起，老百姓，其中壹；
与同事，讲和气，戒傲慢，俗事弃，不记仇，勿多疑，自足乐，保贵体。
上善水，纳浊泥，厚待物，不小气，知重点，是心理，大肚皮，寿星理；
烦恼事，莫要急，沉着气，冷处理，高兴事，忌狂喜，乐极悲，要警惕。
仪表整，勿失礼，与人善，人帮你，随潮流，莫孤僻，与时进，天天喜；
讲卫生，莫忘记，粗布衣，常换洗，勤洗澡，病菌离，季节变，时更衣。
室内洁，无污迹，常开窗，换空气，被褥单，阳光浴，餐厨具，消毒齐；
广交友，觅知己，海诳语，谈天地，多交流，重友谊，讲和谐，睦邻里。
亲戚间，多联系，常来往，增情谊，避口舌，免嫌疑，相互帮，要尽力；
爱好广，由自己，有条件，旅游去，湖塘畔，可钓鱼，有兴趣，写回忆。
勤用脑，适学习，有专长，操画笔，练书法，静心气，读报纸，看书籍；
唱小曲，奏乐器，清水边，眼观底，幽静处，深呼吸，养花草，狗和鱼。
操微机，玩游戏。千万记，别痴迷，听小说，电台里，看电视，新闻奇；
不赌博，下盘旗，斗地主，抢军旗，车马炮，红桃壹，打两圈，就离席。
生命钟，有规律，要早睡，要早起，中午觉，别忘记，勿贪睡，多休息；
重锻炼，随心欲，顺自然，忌姂力，常坚持，功自启，只要动，就有益。
动中静，散步宜，去跳舞，蹓小溪，静中动，打太极，乒乓球，舞剑戟；
饮食上，切注意，七分饱，清淡米，绿叶菜，甜少许，低脂肪，五谷齐。
定时餐，莫抗饥，少饮酒，把烟忌，白开水，茶适宜，少吃盐，醋不离；
重保健，养身体，保健品，莫贪其，讲科学，迷信弃，野药摊，不可理。
有了病，莫着急，及时治，去求医，没有病，也别喜，重预防，常查体；
爱劳动，莫拼力，体力活，需量力，不称强，勿斗气，稍不适，就休息。
生活上，要自理，行自如，乐无比，不懒惰，找活计，多与少，看自己；
重养性，忘忧虑，爱人佳，欢爱稀，无老拌，应配齐，伴侣贤，相互依。
居室雅，无高低，略积蓄，防万一，潇洒美，日日喜，老来俏，玩童嘻；
天伦乐，长寿济，隔辈人，内心喜，掌上珠，口中蜜，少宠爱，重培育。
儿女事，应自立，讲民主，不代替，能帮忙，出点力，帮不上，莫打击。
夕阳红，最靓丽，晚霞美，要珍惜，常年做，须恒力，按其行，长寿您。
话不多，难做齐，说到此，要停笔，对与错，请评议，供参考，随便您。
崔福坤提供
人变老，是规律，体渐弱，自然理，生老死，无法抵，眨眼间，到乐极。
要长寿，靠自己，活百岁，也不稀，忌无知，养良习，送几句，望君记；
退休后，要自立，快适应，莫迟疑，心胸宽，淡名利，莫自卑，勿 攀比。
左不看，右不比，不问政，忘过去，放架子，从头起，老百姓，其中壹；
与同事，讲和气，戒傲慢，俗事弃，不记仇，勿多疑，自足乐，保贵体。
上善水，纳浊泥，厚待物，不小气，知重点，是心理，大肚皮，寿星理；
烦恼事，莫要急，沉着气，冷处理，高兴事，忌狂喜，乐极悲，要警惕。
仪表整，勿失礼，与人善，人帮你，随潮流，莫孤僻，与时进，天天喜；
讲卫生，莫忘记，粗布衣，常换洗，勤洗澡，病菌离，季节变，时更衣。
室内洁，无污迹，常开窗，换空气，被褥单，阳光浴，餐厨具，消毒齐；
广交友，觅知己，海诳语，谈天地，多交流，重友谊，讲和谐，睦邻里。
亲戚间，多联系，常来往，增情谊，避口舌，免嫌疑，相互帮，要尽力；
爱好广，由自己，有条件，旅游去，湖塘畔，可钓鱼，有兴趣，写回忆。
勤用脑，适学习，有专长，操画笔，练书法，静心气，读报纸，看书籍；
唱小曲，奏乐器，清水边，眼观底，幽静处，深呼吸，养花草，狗和鱼。
操微机，玩游戏。千万记，别痴迷，听小说，电台里，看电视，新闻奇；
不赌博，下盘旗，斗地主，抢军旗，车马炮，红桃壹，打两圈，就离席。
生命钟，有规律，要早睡，要早起，中午觉，别忘记，勿贪睡，多休息；
重锻炼，随心欲，顺自然，忌姂力，常坚持，功自启，只要动，就有益。
动中静，散步宜，去跳舞，蹓小溪，静中动，打太极，乒乓球，舞剑戟；
饮食上，切注意，七分饱，清淡米，绿叶菜，甜少许，低脂肪，五谷齐。
定时餐，莫抗饥，少饮酒，把烟忌，白开水，茶适宜，少吃盐，醋不离；
重保健，养身体，保健品，莫贪其，讲科学，迷信弃，野药摊，不可理。
有了病，莫着急，及时治，去求医，没有病，也别喜，重预防，常查体；
爱劳动，莫拼力，体力活，需量力，不称强，勿斗气，稍不适，就休息。
生活上，要自理，行自如，乐无比，不懒惰，找活计，多与少，看自己；
重养性，忘忧虑，爱人佳，欢爱稀，无老拌，应配齐，伴侣贤，相互依。
居室雅，无高低，略积蓄，防万一，潇洒美，日日喜，老来俏，玩童嘻；
天伦乐，长寿济，隔辈人，内心喜，掌上珠，口中蜜，少宠爱，重培育。
儿女事，应自立，讲民主，不代替，能帮忙，出点力，帮不上，莫打击。
夕阳红，最靓丽，晚霞美，要珍惜，常年做，须恒力，按其行，长寿您。
话不多，难做齐，说到此，要停笔，对与错，请评议，供参考，随便您。
崔福坤提供
平民视角讲述高层故事 中共寻求政治文明新突破
平民视角讲述高层故事 中共寻求政治文明新突破
12月23日至25日，中国官方媒体新华社播发习近平、李克强、张德江、俞正声、刘云山、王岐山、张高丽7位中共中央政治局常委的人物特稿，他们的工作和生活旧照同时播发。通过新闻报道，人们得以知悉中共高层领导的重要生活经历、施政理念、工作作风、甚至家庭情况和个人业余爱好等。
国家行政学院教授竹立家在接受中新社记者采访时指出，距新一届中共中央政治局履新刚40天，高层领导即率先披露个人工作、生活、家庭信息，其中对配偶、子女等信息的集中披露属首次，更具震撼性，这是中国特色社会主义政治文明的重要表现、新的突破。
系列特稿以平民视角披露了高层鲜为人知的生活工作细节，习近平干过挑煤拉粪，写过报纸短论，爱看篮球拳击，扯嗓门沿街寻找“千里马”，李克强常年坚持阅读英文原著，喜欢打破砂锅式的追问，张德江第一时间明确“7•23”甬温线特别重大铁路交通事故列车残骸不能埋，俞正声座车不设特殊号牌，是个多年老网民，刘云山31年前的新闻作品仍是范文，王岐山抗击非典半年瘦10公斤，张高丽农民出身奋斗成才……有媒体称报道充满人情味，耐人寻味，极大拉近了领导人与普通民众的距离。
竹立家称，此次报道披露的很多“第一手”信息，让高高在上的领导变回普通人，信息公开透明化有利于政府与民众建立真正意义密切联系，赢得民众信任，也只有这样，执政权力才能真正转化为执政权威，这也是政治文明的具体表现。
通过系列特稿，民众了解到中央政治局高层领导从政以来的工作作风。“干干净净做事”、“不求波澜壮阔，但求无愧于国家，无愧于人民”、“虚名不可图”、“不能打我的旗号办任何事，否则别怪我六亲不认”。中央党校党建教研部教授张希贤认为，这些表述与新政治局履新后提出的转作风“新八条”一脉相承，可见高层将转作风实践到底的决心与意志力。
张希贤说，现在中共面临长期执政下权力的腐蚀和市场经济条件下金钱的腐蚀，身体力行转作风需要更大的气魄和勇气，高层做出这样的履职承诺，是以高标准治党，释放强烈改革信号，希望能够带动全党形成良好的党建风气。
通过系列特稿，人们还集中了解到高层领导人的家庭信息。张希贤认为，领导人配偶、子女的情况虽然在报道中着墨不多，但意义非同寻常，重要领导家事公开是中国推进政治体制改革的突破性探索。
张希贤指出，从严治党、管好领导家属和身边工作人员，历来是党建重要内容。1963年周恩来就提出领导干部要过亲属关，强调“不要造就一批少爷，不然我们对后代不好交代”，“共产党不培养八旗子弟”。
“改革开放以来，中央和地方各级领导干部的财产状况如何，子女到底干了什么，老百姓不清楚，媒体也不被允许披露，社会产生很多怀疑猜测，监督的不到位甚至使一些不同层级的领导干部及其家属子女做出一些违法犯罪行为。”张希贤说。
他指出，随着政治文明建设的推进，民众迫切希望党务公开、政务公开，其中的重要内容是党员干部家庭信息公开、财产公开。中央政治局常委公开自己家庭情况，有利于推动各级领导干部逐步公开家庭情况，便于全党全社会在各层面进行监督，为今后的官员财产公开作出前期探索，这是中国政治体制改革不知不觉中开启的新一步。
竹立家呼吁，目前中国“裸官”现象比较严重，以中央领导为标杆，推进省市县三级主要领导的个人信息、工作信息、家庭信息逐步公开化，对遏制“裸官”现象具有现实意义。
2012年12月26日 中国新闻网
中新社记者 张蔚然
12月23日至25日，中国官方媒体新华社播发习近平、李克强、张德江、俞正声、刘云山、王岐山、张高丽7位中共中央政治局常委的人物特稿，他们的工作和生活旧照同时播发。通过新闻报道，人们得以知悉中共高层领导的重要生活经历、施政理念、工作作风、甚至家庭情况和个人业余爱好等。
国家行政学院教授竹立家在接受中新社记者采访时指出，距新一届中共中央政治局履新刚40天，高层领导即率先披露个人工作、生活、家庭信息，其中对配偶、子女等信息的集中披露属首次，更具震撼性，这是中国特色社会主义政治文明的重要表现、新的突破。
系列特稿以平民视角披露了高层鲜为人知的生活工作细节，习近平干过挑煤拉粪，写过报纸短论，爱看篮球拳击，扯嗓门沿街寻找“千里马”，李克强常年坚持阅读英文原著，喜欢打破砂锅式的追问，张德江第一时间明确“7•23”甬温线特别重大铁路交通事故列车残骸不能埋，俞正声座车不设特殊号牌，是个多年老网民，刘云山31年前的新闻作品仍是范文，王岐山抗击非典半年瘦10公斤，张高丽农民出身奋斗成才……有媒体称报道充满人情味，耐人寻味，极大拉近了领导人与普通民众的距离。
竹立家称，此次报道披露的很多“第一手”信息，让高高在上的领导变回普通人，信息公开透明化有利于政府与民众建立真正意义密切联系，赢得民众信任，也只有这样，执政权力才能真正转化为执政权威，这也是政治文明的具体表现。
通过系列特稿，民众了解到中央政治局高层领导从政以来的工作作风。“干干净净做事”、“不求波澜壮阔，但求无愧于国家，无愧于人民”、“虚名不可图”、“不能打我的旗号办任何事，否则别怪我六亲不认”。中央党校党建教研部教授张希贤认为，这些表述与新政治局履新后提出的转作风“新八条”一脉相承，可见高层将转作风实践到底的决心与意志力。
张希贤说，现在中共面临长期执政下权力的腐蚀和市场经济条件下金钱的腐蚀，身体力行转作风需要更大的气魄和勇气，高层做出这样的履职承诺，是以高标准治党，释放强烈改革信号，希望能够带动全党形成良好的党建风气。
通过系列特稿，人们还集中了解到高层领导人的家庭信息。张希贤认为，领导人配偶、子女的情况虽然在报道中着墨不多，但意义非同寻常，重要领导家事公开是中国推进政治体制改革的突破性探索。
张希贤指出，从严治党、管好领导家属和身边工作人员，历来是党建重要内容。1963年周恩来就提出领导干部要过亲属关，强调“不要造就一批少爷，不然我们对后代不好交代”，“共产党不培养八旗子弟”。
“改革开放以来，中央和地方各级领导干部的财产状况如何，子女到底干了什么，老百姓不清楚，媒体也不被允许披露，社会产生很多怀疑猜测，监督的不到位甚至使一些不同层级的领导干部及其家属子女做出一些违法犯罪行为。”张希贤说。
他指出，随着政治文明建设的推进，民众迫切希望党务公开、政务公开，其中的重要内容是党员干部家庭信息公开、财产公开。中央政治局常委公开自己家庭情况，有利于推动各级领导干部逐步公开家庭情况，便于全党全社会在各层面进行监督，为今后的官员财产公开作出前期探索，这是中国政治体制改革不知不觉中开启的新一步。
竹立家呼吁，目前中国“裸官”现象比较严重，以中央领导为标杆，推进省市县三级主要领导的个人信息、工作信息、家庭信息逐步公开化，对遏制“裸官”现象具有现实意义。
2012年12月26日 中国新闻网
中新社记者 张蔚然
剑桥镇 Cambridge介绍
剑桥镇 Cambridge介绍
美丽的乡村小镇剑桥位于新西兰的怀卡托养马地区的中心地带。街道两边有许多可爱的树木和大量保存完好的古老建筑。如果你热爱马匹，你将会喜欢这里。在过去的50年里，剑桥对澳大利亚的墨尔本杯赛马比赛有很重要的影响。13匹夺得冠军的马匹是在这里繁殖的。你同时可以在剑桥逛古董和艺术品商店，观看马术表演，在当地餐馆进餐，开始生态探险以及欣赏美丽的花园和公园。在主街尽头的南边，旧法庭大院内有一个令人感兴趣的博物馆。
实用信息：人口大约14000，有信息中心、各式商店服务。
2012年12月26日星期三
中共公布新领导生活工作 告别“宫廷政治”
中共公布新领导生活工作 告别“宫廷政治”
新华社23日、24日连续发布介绍习近平、李克强、张德江、俞正声的人物特稿，同时发布了他们的一批生活和工作照。新华社还将继续发布“中共高层新阵容”的人物特稿和照片。这一举动被普遍认为对增加中国政治的透明度有重要意义，甚至有人认为，此举是中国不断告别“宫廷政治”传统，向大众政治过渡的里程碑。
国家领导人是什么样的？他们有什么样的个人经历，什么样的思想特征，以及他们的家人是谁，公众对了解这一切都有兴趣。以往中国政治对领导人的私人信息给予了很高的保护，公众只能通过“小道消息”接近领导人的个人空间，这对领导人同民众沟通很不利。
信息的高度发达无疑在把中国带入大众政治时代，领导人事实上每天都在同社会做信息互动，互动的效果对整个政府形象和社会信心的质量都举足轻重。
中国政治崇尚低调原则，它的影响可以说无所不在。然而这个原则在道德上不是万能的，它尤其不应同公众的知情权相抵触。领导人的部分私人空间注定要献给社会。
新一届中央领导集体对大众媒体及民间心理的理解显然更真切，他们表现了调整作风、顺应并驾驭时代潮流的愿望和能力。这一个多月的情况不断因应公众的期待，作风的转变强化了社会对国家进一步改革、变化的信心。
中国过去有各种各样的文件，但“习李新政”显示，最管用的是领导人带头以身作则。从改变会风话风，到出台八项规定，包括这次披露领导人的信息，都是从中央最高领导人做起。顶层的实际行为对全党转变作风提供的隐形强制力，是发多少文件、开多少会都取代不了的。
中国的问题多得让人一筹莫展，但十八大后的情况让人们看到，从作风入手，不仅能带来突破口，也能创造解决问题的路径。因为说到底，转变作风是精神状态的再刷新，也是解决问题决心和能量的再聚集，有了这些，没有路也能蹚出路。
这一轮的转变作风是在舆论高度监督下进行的，从理论上说，它不可能有回头路。而转变作风一旦成为全党的意志，它最终的历史意义很可能远远超过我们今天对它的字面理解。转变作风或许能破掉我们通常认为属于“政治体制”的某些弊端，促成中国政治以及社会方方面面的新运行规则。
中国政治的开放度在一步步敞开，包括了它的形式，也触及了它的内容。这其实是个有风险的过程，但停下来的风险只会更大。在改革开放的同时保持稳健，这是中国全社会的共同愿望，但对局面有一天可能会出现不可控的隐隐担心在社会各阶层同时存在。人们很希望中国有一份“政治保险”。
这样的“政治保险”既存在也不存在。如果说它存在，它的核心就是全社会整体信心这种无形的东西。中国内有问题，外有强大压力，但中国是个有强大力量的社会，中国发展和解决问题的能力都是当今世界最突出的。只要中国社会自信，沿着把我们带到今天的道路继续前行，不被忽悠，戒虚务实，去塞求通，我们就实际拥有了不被任何力量扳倒的“保险”。
一个社会的自信取决于它对成就和挑战的认读，而在社会已经多元化的时代，中国社会的整体自信，最大源头是中央的自信。中央转变作风，传递出来的最突出信息其实是新领导集体的自信。这里有面对问题的实事求是和坦诚，也有敢碰难点的举重若轻气魄，问题越谈得直言不讳，社会越有“一切尽在掌握中”的踏实。
2012年12月25日 来源：环球时报
新华社23日、24日连续发布介绍习近平、李克强、张德江、俞正声的人物特稿，同时发布了他们的一批生活和工作照。新华社还将继续发布“中共高层新阵容”的人物特稿和照片。这一举动被普遍认为对增加中国政治的透明度有重要意义，甚至有人认为，此举是中国不断告别“宫廷政治”传统，向大众政治过渡的里程碑。
国家领导人是什么样的？他们有什么样的个人经历，什么样的思想特征，以及他们的家人是谁，公众对了解这一切都有兴趣。以往中国政治对领导人的私人信息给予了很高的保护，公众只能通过“小道消息”接近领导人的个人空间，这对领导人同民众沟通很不利。
信息的高度发达无疑在把中国带入大众政治时代，领导人事实上每天都在同社会做信息互动，互动的效果对整个政府形象和社会信心的质量都举足轻重。
中国政治崇尚低调原则，它的影响可以说无所不在。然而这个原则在道德上不是万能的，它尤其不应同公众的知情权相抵触。领导人的部分私人空间注定要献给社会。
新一届中央领导集体对大众媒体及民间心理的理解显然更真切，他们表现了调整作风、顺应并驾驭时代潮流的愿望和能力。这一个多月的情况不断因应公众的期待，作风的转变强化了社会对国家进一步改革、变化的信心。
中国过去有各种各样的文件，但“习李新政”显示，最管用的是领导人带头以身作则。从改变会风话风，到出台八项规定，包括这次披露领导人的信息，都是从中央最高领导人做起。顶层的实际行为对全党转变作风提供的隐形强制力，是发多少文件、开多少会都取代不了的。
中国的问题多得让人一筹莫展，但十八大后的情况让人们看到，从作风入手，不仅能带来突破口，也能创造解决问题的路径。因为说到底，转变作风是精神状态的再刷新，也是解决问题决心和能量的再聚集，有了这些，没有路也能蹚出路。
这一轮的转变作风是在舆论高度监督下进行的，从理论上说，它不可能有回头路。而转变作风一旦成为全党的意志，它最终的历史意义很可能远远超过我们今天对它的字面理解。转变作风或许能破掉我们通常认为属于“政治体制”的某些弊端，促成中国政治以及社会方方面面的新运行规则。
中国政治的开放度在一步步敞开，包括了它的形式，也触及了它的内容。这其实是个有风险的过程，但停下来的风险只会更大。在改革开放的同时保持稳健，这是中国全社会的共同愿望，但对局面有一天可能会出现不可控的隐隐担心在社会各阶层同时存在。人们很希望中国有一份“政治保险”。
这样的“政治保险”既存在也不存在。如果说它存在，它的核心就是全社会整体信心这种无形的东西。中国内有问题，外有强大压力，但中国是个有强大力量的社会，中国发展和解决问题的能力都是当今世界最突出的。只要中国社会自信，沿着把我们带到今天的道路继续前行，不被忽悠，戒虚务实，去塞求通，我们就实际拥有了不被任何力量扳倒的“保险”。
一个社会的自信取决于它对成就和挑战的认读，而在社会已经多元化的时代，中国社会的整体自信，最大源头是中央的自信。中央转变作风，传递出来的最突出信息其实是新领导集体的自信。这里有面对问题的实事求是和坦诚，也有敢碰难点的举重若轻气魄，问题越谈得直言不讳，社会越有“一切尽在掌握中”的踏实。
2012年12月25日 来源：环球时报
Xi Jinping: Man of the people, statesman of vision
Xi Jinping: Man of the people, statesman of vision
It was a pleasant early December morning in a verdant park in Shenzhen, in south China's Guangdong Province. Early risers, carrying on their usual morning exercise, did not expect to see a big name。
The park was not cordoned. There was no red carpet nor were there people waving welcoming banners。
A middle-aged man in a dark suit, and a tieless white shirt, laid a wreath at the park's statue of the late Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping. Then he walked into the surrounding crowd and began a casual chat。
The visitor was Xi Jinping, the newly elected general secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee。
During his visit to Guangdong, Xi called on the entire Party and people from all ethnic groups to unswervingly adhere to the path of reform and opening up and put greater focus on pursuing reform in a more systematic, integrated and coordinated way. Xi vowed no stop in reform, and no stop in opening up。
In his first visit outside Beijing as the top CPC leader, Xi went to Guangdong, the forefront of China's reform and opening up, following the route Deng had toured 20 years ago when the country was at a crossroad。
Media reports remarked that Xi is a leader who brings a fresh breeze to the country's political life, unswervingly pushes forward reform and opening up, and is beginning to lead the Chinese nation in realizing the China Dream。
Xi, 59, who was elected to his new role at the first plenum of the 18th CPC Central Committee on Nov. 15, is the first top Party leader born after 1949, the year the People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded。
He now leads the 91-year-old CPC, the world largest political party with more than 82 million members, as it rules China, the world's second largest economy。
The whole country and the world are putting their eyes on Xi:
-- What will he do to lead the CPC to better serve the people?
-- What will he do to lead China's 1.3 billion people to build a moderately prosperous society in all respects by the 100th anniversary of the founding of the CPC in 2021? Furthermore, what will he do to lead the people to achieve the goal of building an affluent, strong, democratic, civilized and harmonious modern socialist country by the time the PRC marks its centennial in 2049?
-- What will he do to lead the country to make its due contribution to world peace and development?
As he met the press on the November day the new leadership was formed, Xi summed up the CPC's mission as comprising three responsibilities -- to the nation, the people and the Party。
ADVOCATE OF CHINA DREAM
"The people's longing for a good life is what we are fighting for," Xi said in his first public speech as general secretary on Nov. 15.
Shortly after taking office, Xi and the other six members of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee visited the exhibition "The Road Toward Renewal" at the National Museum of China. The comprehensive display illustrates the huge challenges China has surmounted on the road to national revival since 1840.
"Nowadays, everyone is talking about the China Dream," he said. "In my view, realizing the great renewal of the Chinese nation is the Chinese nation's greatest dream in modern history."
To achieve this sacred goal, Xi has clarified his positions on various aspects of the country's development:
On the country's economic development, Xi opposes a blind focus on growth and upholds the principle of scientific development, which seeks sustainability in terms of both resources and the environment。
On political development, he stresses the idea that all power belongs to the people, and calls for active and steady political reform while adhering to the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics. He also stresses the rule of law and exercising state power according to the Constitution。
On cultural development, he highlights developing human talent and fostering a Chinese national spirit, especially as typified by the words of the national anthem: "We will use our flesh and blood to build our new Great Wall."
On social development, he proposes continuous efforts to safeguard and improve people's lives through economic development. He also supports building a harmonious society and realizing a good life for the people based on hard work, while taking into consideration the country's practical circumstances。
On ecological progress, he emphasizes a national strategy of resource conservation and environmental protection and a sustainable pattern of development。
From the Loess Plateau to the southeast coast, from localities to the central leadership, Xi has had a well-rounded political career and has developed a deep understanding of the conditions of his country and people。
In 2007, he was promoted to the nine-member Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the 17th CPC Central Committee, after working for decades in various locations, including Shanghai Municipality, the provinces of Shaanxi, Hebei, Fujian and Zhejiang, as well as serving the army。
He served concurrently as a member of the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee and as president of the Party School of the CPC Central Committee. In 2008, he was elected the country's vice president。
Over the past five years, he has participated in the creation of major policies for the Party and the country, and has gained rich leadership experience in all respects。
During that time, Xi was in charge of Party affairs and attached great importance to Party building. He reiterated that the Party must police itself with strict standards as well as listen to the call of ordinary people。
Beginning in 2008, he worked intensively on the campaign to study and implement the Scientific Outlook on Development. The year-and-a-half campaign further made the Scientific Outlook on Development a consensus of the whole Party and country, and a driving force for economic and social development。
He also led a group of officials in drafting the 17th CPC Central Committee's report to the 18th CPC National Congress and the amendment to the CPC Constitution, which were adopted at the congress and have become important guidelines for China's future。
Xi has had a connection with the armed forces since his early days. After graduating from university, he worked at the General Office of the Central Military Commission (CMC) for three years, a job that deepened his affection for the army。
In the following years, he served concurrently as Party chief for military subareas in addition to holding his Party and government titles. He was familiarized with grassroots military affairs。
He became CMC vice chairman in 2010 and was named CMC chairman at the first plenum of the 18th CPC Central Committee in November 2012.
Xi is also familiar with work related to Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan. His 17 years in Fujian gave him a deep understanding of Taiwan and enterprises from Taiwan. The first Taiwan chamber of commerce on the mainland was established in Xiamen when he worked in Fujian. He solved many problems for Taiwan compatriots, and has been seen as a good friend by many of them。
As a top leader in charge of Hong Kong and Macao affairs, Xi helped work out a number of important policies on the long-term stability and prosperity of the two special administrative regions。
In 2008 and 2009 when Hong Kong and Macao were seriously hit by the international financial crisis, Xi visited the cities to show his support。
In 2008, Xi was also tasked with heading up preparations for the much-anticipated 2008 Olympic Games and the subsequent Paralympics, both in Beijing, playing a key role in China's hosting of these high-standard events with distinctive features。
MAN OF THE PEOPLE
Xi has expressed his deep feelings for the people on many occasions, saying for example, "How important the people are in the minds of an official will determine how important officials are in the minds of the people." His love of the people stems from his unique upbringing。
A son of Xi Zhongxun, a Communist revolutionary and former vice premier, Xi Jinping did not live in comfort as a boy。
Beginning in 1962, when his father was wronged and fell in disgrace, Xi experienced tough times. During the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)， he suffered public humiliation and hunger, experienced homelessness and was even held in custody once。
At the age of 16, he volunteered to live in a small village in northwest China's Shaanxi Province as an "educated youth."
That area, part of the Loess Plateau, was where the Communist revolutionaries, including his father, rose to found New China。
Life there was tough for an urban youth. In the beginning, fleas troubled him so badly he could not even fall asleep. In the Shaanxi countryside, he had to do all sorts of harsh labor, such as carrying manure, hauling a coal cart, farming and building water tanks。
As time passed, tough work became easy. Xi became a hardworking capable young man in the villagers' eyes. By gaining their trust, he was elected village Party chief。
He led the farmers to reinforce the river bank in a bid to prevent erosion, organized a small cooperative of blacksmiths in the village, and built a methane tank, the first in landlocked Shaanxi。
He was once awarded a motorized tricycle after being named a "model educated youth." However, he exchanged the tricycle for a walking tractor, a flour milling machine and farm tools to benefit the villagers。
Although he was not in school, Xi never stopped reading. He brought a case of books to the village and was always "reading books as thick as bricks," recalled by villagers of Liangjiahe。
He formed close ties with the villagers during his seven years in the province. After he was recommended for enrollment at Tsinghua University in 1975, all the villagers queued to bid him farewell and a dozen young men walked more than 30 kilometers to take him to the county seat for his trip back to Beijing。
Xi has never forgotten the folks in the Shaanxi village. Even after he left, he helped the village get access to power, build a bridge and renovate a primary school. When he was Party chief of Fuzhou City, he returned to the village, going door by door to visit people. He gave senior villagers pocket money, and schoolchildren with new schoolbags, school supplies and alarm clocks. When a farmer friend got sick, Xi, then a senior provincial official of Fujian, at his own expense, brought him to Fujian for better medical treatment。
Years of toiling alongside villagers allowed him to get to know the countryside and farmers well. Xi has said that the two groups of people who have given him the greatest help in his life are the older revolutionary generation and the folks in the Shaanxi village where he lived。
He arrived in the village as a slightly lost teenager and left as a 22-year-old man determined to do something for the people。
Xi's affection for the common people influenced him as he made a number of critical decisions. In the 1980s when many of his contemporaries were going into business or leaving to study abroad, Xi gave up a comfortable office job in Beijing and went to work as deputy Party chief of a small county in north China's Hebei Province. Later he became Party chief of Ningde Prefecture in southeast China's Fujian Province, one of the poorest regions at the time。
The people weigh most in Xi's heart and grassroots units are where he pays most visits。
In Ningde, he sometimes traveled for days on the mountain roads to reach the farthest corner of the prefecture. The roads were so bumpy that he often had to take a break to recover from back pain before arriving at destinations. He once walked nearly five hours on a rugged mountain road to get to a township called Xiadang, which was not accessible by highway, and received the most passionate welcome from local residents, who said Xi was "the highest-ranking official who has come to the village."
He also helped thousands of farmers in Ningde renovate dilapidated thatched huts and guided fishermen to live better lives on the land。
When working as Party chief of Fuzhou, capital of Fujian, he took the lead in the country in establishing a mechanism for officials to meet with petitioners face to face. He introduced the same mechanism in places where he later served。
Once, he and other senior officials in Fuzhou met with more than 700 petitioners in two days。
While working in east China's Zhejiang Province, he went down into a coal mine nearly 1,000 meters underground and walked more than 1,500 meters along a narrow and inclined shaft to visit miners and see their working conditions before the Spring Festival in 2005.
Xi attaches importance to communication with the people via news media. He wrote a popular column for the Zhejiang Daily, using the pen name Zhexin. In his 232 columns, he discussed everyday problems of interest to the common people。
As mild a person as Xi is, he is very tough in policing officials and preventing them from harming the interests of the common people. In an investigation into illegal housing construction by officials in Ningde, he grew angry and pounded the table, saying, "Shall we offend hundreds of officials, or shall we fail millions of people?" Also, a number of officials in Zhejiang were punished during his tenure of leadership for failing to fulfill their duties。
His work style earned him the nickname "secretary of the people."
"Officials should love the people in the way they love their parents, work for their benefit and lead them to prosperity," Xi said。
LEADER WITH FORESIGHT
On several recent occasions, Xi showed a strong sense of responsibility towards the future of the nation and declared his determination to push forward reform and opening up。
Throughout his political career, people have seen his foresight and resolve as well as his willingness to sacrifice personal gain and one-time fame for a bigger cause。
When working in Xiamen, a coastal city in Fujian, he took charge of drafting a development plan for the city from 1985 to 2000 and lobbied for preferential policies from the central government, both of which benefited the city long after he left the province。
When working in Zhengding, Hebei Province, he saw potential business opportunities when he learned that the crew of "The Dream of Red Mansions," a popular novel-turned-TV drama, was looking for a filming location。
He then proposed building in Zhengding a large residential compound featured within the novel. The compound, which was used by the TV crew, later became a tourist attraction. Tourist income from the compound exceeded 10 million yuan the year it was completed, paying back more than the investment. The compound has been used as the set for more than 170 movies and TV dramas, with up to 1.3 million tourists every year。
In Fuzhou, after intense deliberation and discussion, he and his colleagues devised a strategic development plan for the city for the coming three, eight and 20 years. All the main targets set by the plan were achieved years ago, and a number of enterprises that were set up or brought to Fuzhou when Xi served there remain the industry leaders, playing a significant role in the city's development over the past two decades。
Working as Fujian governor, he was the first in the country to launch a campaign to crack down on food contamination。
In 1999, he first put forward the idea of improving IT infrastructure and introducing information technology to help the public. Fujian had been the only province in China where all hospitals were linked by computer networks and shared digital medical records by 2010.
In 2002, Fujian launched the reform of the collective forest property right system, becoming the first in the country。
During Xi's tenure, Fujian was among the first provinces in China to adopt special policies to restore ecological balance and protect the environment. This has made Fujian the province with the best water and air quality as well as the best ecology and environment in the country。
After his transfer to Zhejiang Province in 2002, Xi put forward numerous development targets for the economy, public security, culture, the environment and the rule of law。
He initiated local industrial restructuring, transforming the province's extensive, less-efficient growth pattern, and encouraged quality enterprises from outside the province to invest in Zhejiang。
In addition, he proposed a development mode that would give equal weight to both manufacturing and commerce, a mode based on Zhejiang's own conditions. He also supported enterprises' efforts to expand overseas and supported start-ups by ordinary citizens。
At the same time, he encouraged more cooperation among Zhejiang, neighboring Shanghai Municipality and Jiangsu Province in order to tap their potential as an integrated economic powerhouse。
In 2004, under Xi's leadership, Zhejiang made an attempt to improve grassroots democracy. Villages there set up residents' committees to supervise the village Party committee and administrative committee on public affairs, a move that received a positive response from the public。
Village supervision committees, which sprang from the Zhejiang model, were later introduced in an amendment to the Organic Law of Villagers' Committees in 2010 by the National People's Congress (NPC) Standing Committee, the top Chinese legislature。
Shanghai was Xi's last local post before he was promoted to the central leadership. Despite a relatively short term in the country's financial hub, he left his mark by promoting the economic integration of the Yangtze River Delta and enhancing Shanghai's leading role in the region。
Xi added "enlightened, sagacious, open-minded and modest" to the official wording of the Shanghai Spirit slogan, which previously had just read "inclusive and sublime." The Shanghai Spirit was intended to capture the essence of the city. Media in Shanghai remarked that these emendations helped present Shanghai to the rest of the world in a deeper, more thoughtful way. These changes were also noticed by people outside Shanghai。
BEING IN FRONT RANKS REQUIRES SOLID WORK
"Making empty talk is harmful to the nation, while doing practical work can help it thrive," Xi said during a visit to "The Road Toward Renewal" exhibition in Beijing on the 15th day after his election as the CPC's new helmsman。
To put "practical work" in place, Xi presided over a meeting of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee that adopted eight measures to improve Party work style and tighten the bond with the people. The measures include more meetings with the people, traveling light with a small entourage and using fewer traffic controls, shortening meetings and speeches. The new measures have earned acclaim both at home and abroad。
"Only solid work ensures that one will take the lead," Xi has said. He has demanded concrete effort to tackle issues the people care about most. He believes that without implementation, the best blueprint will be nothing more than a castle in the air。
When he served in Zhengding County, Xi said that developing human resources was the key to shaking off poverty and backwardness in the county. He attended to the job himself by inviting professionals to the county and drawing up recruitment advertisements for talented personnel from across the country。
In the winter of 1983, he traveled to the provincial capital of Shijiazhuang to invite a cosmetics expert to work in Zhengding. Without a detailed address for the expert, he went door to door asking where the expert lived and finally found him at night after yelling his name near his home. Xi and the expert talked until midnight and Xi finally persuaded the man to work in Zhengding. The expert later created more than 300,000 yuan in revenue for the county within the first year。
In the same year, Xi decided to publish nine ways for recruiting talented personnel, something that was rare at the time and became a front-page story in the Hebei Daily. He wrote more than 100 letters to experts and scholars, as well as colleges and research institutions, and paid visits to dozens of experts. Within two years, Zhengding attracted 683 talented personnel and hired 53 well-known experts as economic counselors。
Xi, together with his colleague Lu Yulan, then deputy Party chief of Zhengding, despite heavy pressure, told superior authorities about the excessive burden faced by the county due to compulsory grain purchases. The issue was eventually resolved。
In Ningde, Xi was also practical and realistic. He pooled resources to implement aquaculture of the large yellow croaker, a local specialty, and greatly increased the income of local farmers。
He also ordered Party and government offices to make things convenient for the people. When serving in Fuzhou, he advocated the principle of "special procedures for special issues, and do things now" to make the government more efficient. This principle was attractive to numerous Taiwan enterprises and helped boost the local economy. He also proposed the compilation of two handbooks on government procedures for residents and overseas businesspeople。
In 2000, Xi initiated a move across Fujian to make the government more efficient. He proposed changes in government functions and procedures to reduce the number of matters that require government approval. By the end of 2001, the number was reduced by 40.4 percent, or 606 items。
In 2001, Fujian became the first province in China to enact a policy making government affairs public。
In August 2002, Xi published an article on a major newspaper on "The Experience of Jinjiang," which emphasized the importance of the private economy in the development of the county. Also in 2002, he published an article on Nanping City's effort to send officials to work in villages. The practice of Nanping was later introduced all over the province, thus enhancing ties between officials and farmers and making officials more oriented towards grassroots achievement。
In Zhejiang, Xi stressed provincial development in the fields of public security, the environment, culture, the rule of law and the marine economy。
To achieve these goals, he made an individual case study in addition to making overall arrangements. In order to know how the localities were affected by provincial policies, he went five times to a less-developed mountain village called Xiajiang within less than two years。
He paid special attention to the marine economy. In December 2002, he put forward the goal of building Zhejiang into a province with a strong marine economy, followed by guidelines and plans to realize this goal. The marine economy in Zhejiang has since developed quickly, with annual growth of 19.3 percent. It accounted for nearly 8 percent of the Zhejiang economy in 2005.
He pushed for the integration of Ningbo and Zhoushan harbors. In 2006, Ningbo-Zhoushan harbor had 420 million tonnes of cargo throughput, ranking the second in China and among the world's top three。
He also pushed for the construction of the Hangzhou Bay Bridge, an icon of cross-sea bridges in China and once the world's longest cross-sea bridge。
In 2003, Xi proposed that rural communities should be more like urban communities, and efforts should be made to reduce the urban-rural gap in quality of life。
Zhejiang had realized the development targets one by one during Xi's tenure. The province had the highest rating in ecology and the environment among all provincial-level regions in 2005. In 2006, 94.77 percent of the people were satisfied with the province's public security, making Zhejiang one of the safest provinces in the country。
When Xi was in Zhejiang, the province's GDP exceeded 1 trillion yuan in 2004, GDP per capita exceeded 3,000 U.S. dollars in 2005 and stood at nearly 4,000 U.S. dollars in 2006. The province ranked the fourth in sustainable development in 2006, next to Shanghai, Beijing and Tianjin。
Furthermore, all the province's poverty-stricken counties and townships shook off poverty during the period。
In 2007, Xi was appointed secretary of the CPC Shanghai Municipal Committee。
Within a month of his appointment, Xi conducted research on the people's livelihood, development, the Shanghai World Expo, and the fight against corruption. The ninth Shanghai municipal congress of the CPC was successfully held, which invigorated local officials, rebuilt Shanghai's image and set forth a blueprint for Shanghai for the next five years。
Xi has said that a county Party chief should visit all the villages within the county, a city Party chief all the townships and a provincial Party chief all the counties and cities。
He visited all the villages in Zhengding. In Ningde, he visited nine counties within the first three months, and traveled to most townships later on. After he was transferred to Zhejiang in 2002, he visited all 90 counties in just over a year. During his tenure in Shanghai, he visited all 19 districts and counties in seven months. After he came to work in the central authority, he visited all the 31 provinces, regions and municipalities on the mainland。
STATESMAN AIMING FOR BETTER EARTH
During a recent meeting with foreign experts working in China, Xi said that China, as a responsible country, will not only manage its own affairs, but also properly handle its relations with the rest of the world, so as to foster a more favorable external environment and make a greater contribution to world peace and development。
"China needs to know more about the world, and the world also needs to know more about China," Xi said. Whether working at the local level or in the central leadership, Xi attaches great importance to international exchange and making foreign friends. He has taken every opportunity to meet foreign guests visiting China。
Within the past five years, he traveled to more than 40 countries and regions across five continents and has had extensive contact with people from all walks of life. He frankly and honestly introduces to foreign friends how the Chinese people view their own country and the world, and is always willing to listen to them as well. In the eyes of many foreign dignitaries, Xi is a confident, sagacious and amicable leader。
He often tells foreign friends that the international community has increasingly become an integrated one with a common destiny. China's continuous rapid development depends on world peace and development. It also provides opportunity and room for other countries, so together they may achieve win-win results and common development through mutual respect and pragmatic cooperation。
At a World Peace Forum organized by Tsinghua University in July 2012, Xi noted that a country must let others develop as it seeks its own development; must let others feel secure as it seeks its own security; must let others live better when it wants to live better itself. In a meeting with Lee Kuan Yew in Singapore, Xi said not all strong countries will seek hegemony. China will stick to the path of peaceful development, a win-win strategy of opening up and the pledge of never seeking hegemony, now or in any future generation。
Xi's foreign visits have sent out signals that countries should work together to establish a more equal and balanced global partnership, so as to safeguard the common interests of all human beings and make Earth better。
During his five-day visit to the United States, Xi participated in 27 events and engaged in exchange with U.S. politicians and the public alike. "As long as the Chinese and U.S. sides grasp the thread of common interests, they can explore a path of new partnership for major powers to live in harmony, engage in positive interaction and achieve win-win cooperation." His remarks elicited positive feedback from many in the U.S。
In a recent meeting with former U.S. President Jimmy Carter, Xi called for more "positive energy" for the China-U.S. partnership。
During his visit to Russia, Xi showed the strong importance China attaches to developing bilateral relations. The Sino-Russian strategic partnership of coordination has become the closest, most dynamic and most profound between major powers, and developing relations with Russia is always a priority of China's foreign relations. Xi attended the second meeting of the dialogue mechanism between the Chinese and Russian ruling parties, and had extensive and in-depth discussions with leaders of various parties in Russia, further enriching Sino-Russia relations。
Xi highly values relations with developing countries. He has said consolidating and developing relations with developing countries is the starting point and object of China's foreign policy。
In South Africa, Xi attended the fourth plenary session of the China-South Africa Binational Commission, looking forward, together with the South African side, to a bright future of bilateral cooperation。
In a speech delivered at a seminar marking the 10th anniversary of the establishment of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC)， Xi underscored China's friendship with Africa, emphasizing that "a friend in need is a friend indeed."
In Saudi Arabia, he said a more prosperous and open China will bring great development opportunities to the Middle East and countries in the Gulf。
In Chile, he proposed that China and Latin America should be good partners in the fields of politics, economics, culture and international affairs, when speaking of the relationship over the next decade。
Xi has been pragmatic and efficient on the international stage. In the course of only one day, while attending the celebration of the 150th anniversary of the unification of Italy, Xi exchanged ideas with leaders from more than 20 countries and international organizations. During his visit to Germany and four other European countries, Xi attended five signing ceremonies for economic and trade agreements, six economic and trade forums, and pushed for the signing of 93 cooperation agreements involving a total of 7.4 billion U.S. dollars。
Xi has also emphasized the role of cultural exchange in the building of a harmonious world. When addressing the Frankfurt Book Fair in 2009, he said that through exchanges between different cultures, people from different countries have come to know Confucius from China, Goethe from Germany and Shakespeare from Britain. Pushing forward world cultural exchange creates important momentum for human progress and the world's peaceful development。
During his visit to Russia, he launched the "Year of Chinese Language" in Russia, side by side with Vladimir Putin in the Kremlin. He said in his address, "Culture is enriched, hearts are linked up, and friendship is deepened through exchange."
Xi is good at drawing wisdom from Chinese culture and presenting ideas clearly in a straightforward and humorous way. During his U.S. visit, he borrowed a line from the theme song of the popular Chinese TV drama "Monkey King" to ease the gravity of the bilateral issue. "The road is right under our feet," he said when describing the "unprecedented" relations between China and the U.S., displaying the confidence and courage of Chinese leaders。
When facing questions about China's human rights situation, he said there is "no best, only better." Xi said every country's condition is different and path is different. "Whether the shoe fits or not, only the wearer of the shoe knows."
Amity between people is the key to sound relations between states. Xi has said the level of state-to-state friendship depends on amity between people. He has humorously said to foreign ministry officials on diplomatic trips that life lies in motion and diplomacy lies in activity. In other words, diplomats should travel widely and make friends broadly and deeply。
During his visit to Laos, he specially arranged a meeting with children of the late Lao leader Quinim Pholsena. Xi joined several children of Pholsena, who had lived and studied in Beijing, in recalling their days at Beijing's Bayi School. He even remembered the nickname "Chubby Boy" for Pholsena's second son。
During his U.S. visit, Xi traveled to Iowa to join a dozen of his old acquaintances for tea and conversation at a house in an Iowa farm community. Most of the people at the gathering were friends Xi had made during a 1985 visit to Iowa as a member of an agricultural research delegation。
In Russia, he visited a children's center that had cared for Chinese students who were affected by the devastating Wenchuan earthquake of 2008, and expressed his gratitude to the staff。
He kicked a Gaelic football in Dublin's Croke Park when visiting Ireland and watched an NBA game in the U.S. The media described both activities as evidence of his amicable image。
"He succeeded in not only demonstrating his personal manner and bearing, but also the charm of China's economic development and social progress," an overseas media outlet remarked。
SON OF REVOLUTIONARY FAMILY, CARING HUSBAND
Xi Jinping's father Xi Zhongxun was a Party and state leader. The senior Xi served as chairman of the Shaan-Gan Border Region, a CPC revolutionary base of the 1930s, and was called by Mao Zedong a "leader of the people."
Xi Zhongxun had suffered political persecution for 16 years beginning in 1962. However, he never gave in to adversity and ultimately helped clear the names of other people who were persecuted. After the end of the Cultural Revolution, he served as Party chief in Guangdong, the forefront of China's reform and opening-up drive, making important contributions to the establishment of special economic zones in the province and their rapid development。
Xi's mother Qi Xin, nearly 90 years of age, is also a veteran cadre and Party member. As a filial son, Xi takes walks and chats with his mother, holding her hand during the process, after he finds time to dine with her。
The Xi family has a tradition of being strict with children and living a simple life. Xi Zhongxun believed if a senior Party official wanted to discipline others, he should begin first with himself and his family. Xi Jinping and his younger brother used to wear clothes and shoes handed down from their elder sisters. After Xi Jinping became a leading official, his mother called a family meeting to ban the siblings from engaging in business where Xi Jinping worked。
Xi Jinping has carried on his family's tradition and has been strict with family members. Wherever he worked, he told the family members not to do business there or do anything in his name, or else he "would be ruthless." Whether in Fujian, Zhejiang or Shanghai, he pledged at official meetings that no one was allowed to seek personal benefit using his name and welcomed supervision in this regard。
Xi married Peng Liyuan, a renowned and well-liked soprano and opera singer. In 1980, Peng, on the behalf of the Shandong provincial delegation, caused quite a stir while attending a national art performance in Beijing。
She was the first in China to obtain a master's degree in national vocal music. She is a representative figure of national vocal music and one of the founders of the school of national vocal music。
Her most famous works include On the Plains of Hope, People from Our Village, and We Are Yellow River and Taishan Mountain。
She was the winner of many top awards at national vocal music contests. She played the leading roles in the Chinese national operas The White-haired Girl and Mulan, among others. She also won the highest theatrical award in China, or the Plum Blossom Prize, and the highest performance art award, the Wenhua Prize。
Peng has attributed her accomplishments to the people and said she should contribute all her talent to the people. Over the past 30-plus years, she has given hundreds of free performances for people from all different walks of life across the country as an expression of gratitude or appreciation. These included performances in impoverished mountain areas, coastal areas, oil fields, mines and barracks, as well as in deserts and the snowy plateau. She also performed in Wenchuan after the devastating earthquake of 2008, in Beijing's Xiaotangshan after the SARS outbreak and in flood-hit Jiujiang in Jiangxi Province。
To better introduce Chinese national vocal music and national opera to the world, Peng took the lead to play a solo concert in Singapore in 1993. She has also performed in more than 50 countries and regions representing China, becoming a world-famous Cultural Ambassador for China。
She produced and played the leading role in the opera Mulan, which was performed at New York City's Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts and at the Vienna State Opera House in Austria。
Peng is currently shifting her focus from performance to education, aiming to nurture more talented people and produce more masterpieces。
Peng is very much committed to charity work. She is a WHO Goodwill Ambassador for Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS, a national AIDS prevention advocate, and an ambassador for the prevention of juvenile delinquency and for tobacco control. At a recent World AIDS Day activity raising awareness about AIDS, she was called "Mama Peng" by AIDS orphans。
Xi and Peng fell in love at first sight in 1986 and got married the same year. Although they were often separated due to work, they have understood and supported each other and continuously shown concern for each other。
As a member of the People's Liberation Army, Peng was often tasked with staging performances in remote areas. These tours sometimes kept her on the road for two to three months at a time. Being concerned about his wife, Xi would phone her before bedtime almost every night, no matter how late it was。
On Chinese Lunar New Year's Eve, Peng would often perform in the Spring Festival Gala presented by the China Central Television. Xi would make dumplings while watching the show and would wait for her return to begin cooking the family feast。
In the eyes of Peng, Xi is a good husband and a good father. She always shows care and consideration for him. Peng takes every opportunity to get together with her husband, cooking for him dishes of different styles。
In Peng's eyes, Xi is both different from anybody else and also an average person. He favors home-made cooking in the Shaanxi and Shandong cuisines, and also drinks a bit during parties with friends. He likes swimming, mountaineering, and watching basketball, football and boxing matches. Sometimes he stays up late to watch televised sports games。
The couple have a daughter, Xi Mingze. Mingze in Chinese implies "living an honest life and being a useful person to society," which is their expectation for her and also a symbol of their family's simple style。
It was a pleasant early December morning in a verdant park in Shenzhen, in south China's Guangdong Province. Early risers, carrying on their usual morning exercise, did not expect to see a big name。
The park was not cordoned. There was no red carpet nor were there people waving welcoming banners。
A middle-aged man in a dark suit, and a tieless white shirt, laid a wreath at the park's statue of the late Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping. Then he walked into the surrounding crowd and began a casual chat。
The visitor was Xi Jinping, the newly elected general secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee。
During his visit to Guangdong, Xi called on the entire Party and people from all ethnic groups to unswervingly adhere to the path of reform and opening up and put greater focus on pursuing reform in a more systematic, integrated and coordinated way. Xi vowed no stop in reform, and no stop in opening up。
In his first visit outside Beijing as the top CPC leader, Xi went to Guangdong, the forefront of China's reform and opening up, following the route Deng had toured 20 years ago when the country was at a crossroad。
Media reports remarked that Xi is a leader who brings a fresh breeze to the country's political life, unswervingly pushes forward reform and opening up, and is beginning to lead the Chinese nation in realizing the China Dream。
Xi, 59, who was elected to his new role at the first plenum of the 18th CPC Central Committee on Nov. 15, is the first top Party leader born after 1949, the year the People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded。
He now leads the 91-year-old CPC, the world largest political party with more than 82 million members, as it rules China, the world's second largest economy。
The whole country and the world are putting their eyes on Xi:
-- What will he do to lead the CPC to better serve the people?
-- What will he do to lead China's 1.3 billion people to build a moderately prosperous society in all respects by the 100th anniversary of the founding of the CPC in 2021? Furthermore, what will he do to lead the people to achieve the goal of building an affluent, strong, democratic, civilized and harmonious modern socialist country by the time the PRC marks its centennial in 2049?
-- What will he do to lead the country to make its due contribution to world peace and development?
As he met the press on the November day the new leadership was formed, Xi summed up the CPC's mission as comprising three responsibilities -- to the nation, the people and the Party。
ADVOCATE OF CHINA DREAM
"The people's longing for a good life is what we are fighting for," Xi said in his first public speech as general secretary on Nov. 15.
Shortly after taking office, Xi and the other six members of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee visited the exhibition "The Road Toward Renewal" at the National Museum of China. The comprehensive display illustrates the huge challenges China has surmounted on the road to national revival since 1840.
"Nowadays, everyone is talking about the China Dream," he said. "In my view, realizing the great renewal of the Chinese nation is the Chinese nation's greatest dream in modern history."
To achieve this sacred goal, Xi has clarified his positions on various aspects of the country's development:
On the country's economic development, Xi opposes a blind focus on growth and upholds the principle of scientific development, which seeks sustainability in terms of both resources and the environment。
On political development, he stresses the idea that all power belongs to the people, and calls for active and steady political reform while adhering to the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics. He also stresses the rule of law and exercising state power according to the Constitution。
On cultural development, he highlights developing human talent and fostering a Chinese national spirit, especially as typified by the words of the national anthem: "We will use our flesh and blood to build our new Great Wall."
On social development, he proposes continuous efforts to safeguard and improve people's lives through economic development. He also supports building a harmonious society and realizing a good life for the people based on hard work, while taking into consideration the country's practical circumstances。
On ecological progress, he emphasizes a national strategy of resource conservation and environmental protection and a sustainable pattern of development。
From the Loess Plateau to the southeast coast, from localities to the central leadership, Xi has had a well-rounded political career and has developed a deep understanding of the conditions of his country and people。
In 2007, he was promoted to the nine-member Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the 17th CPC Central Committee, after working for decades in various locations, including Shanghai Municipality, the provinces of Shaanxi, Hebei, Fujian and Zhejiang, as well as serving the army。
He served concurrently as a member of the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee and as president of the Party School of the CPC Central Committee. In 2008, he was elected the country's vice president。
Over the past five years, he has participated in the creation of major policies for the Party and the country, and has gained rich leadership experience in all respects。
During that time, Xi was in charge of Party affairs and attached great importance to Party building. He reiterated that the Party must police itself with strict standards as well as listen to the call of ordinary people。
Beginning in 2008, he worked intensively on the campaign to study and implement the Scientific Outlook on Development. The year-and-a-half campaign further made the Scientific Outlook on Development a consensus of the whole Party and country, and a driving force for economic and social development。
He also led a group of officials in drafting the 17th CPC Central Committee's report to the 18th CPC National Congress and the amendment to the CPC Constitution, which were adopted at the congress and have become important guidelines for China's future。
Xi has had a connection with the armed forces since his early days. After graduating from university, he worked at the General Office of the Central Military Commission (CMC) for three years, a job that deepened his affection for the army。
In the following years, he served concurrently as Party chief for military subareas in addition to holding his Party and government titles. He was familiarized with grassroots military affairs。
He became CMC vice chairman in 2010 and was named CMC chairman at the first plenum of the 18th CPC Central Committee in November 2012.
Xi is also familiar with work related to Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan. His 17 years in Fujian gave him a deep understanding of Taiwan and enterprises from Taiwan. The first Taiwan chamber of commerce on the mainland was established in Xiamen when he worked in Fujian. He solved many problems for Taiwan compatriots, and has been seen as a good friend by many of them。
As a top leader in charge of Hong Kong and Macao affairs, Xi helped work out a number of important policies on the long-term stability and prosperity of the two special administrative regions。
In 2008 and 2009 when Hong Kong and Macao were seriously hit by the international financial crisis, Xi visited the cities to show his support。
In 2008, Xi was also tasked with heading up preparations for the much-anticipated 2008 Olympic Games and the subsequent Paralympics, both in Beijing, playing a key role in China's hosting of these high-standard events with distinctive features。
MAN OF THE PEOPLE
Xi has expressed his deep feelings for the people on many occasions, saying for example, "How important the people are in the minds of an official will determine how important officials are in the minds of the people." His love of the people stems from his unique upbringing。
A son of Xi Zhongxun, a Communist revolutionary and former vice premier, Xi Jinping did not live in comfort as a boy。
Beginning in 1962, when his father was wronged and fell in disgrace, Xi experienced tough times. During the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)， he suffered public humiliation and hunger, experienced homelessness and was even held in custody once。
At the age of 16, he volunteered to live in a small village in northwest China's Shaanxi Province as an "educated youth."
That area, part of the Loess Plateau, was where the Communist revolutionaries, including his father, rose to found New China。
Life there was tough for an urban youth. In the beginning, fleas troubled him so badly he could not even fall asleep. In the Shaanxi countryside, he had to do all sorts of harsh labor, such as carrying manure, hauling a coal cart, farming and building water tanks。
As time passed, tough work became easy. Xi became a hardworking capable young man in the villagers' eyes. By gaining their trust, he was elected village Party chief。
He led the farmers to reinforce the river bank in a bid to prevent erosion, organized a small cooperative of blacksmiths in the village, and built a methane tank, the first in landlocked Shaanxi。
He was once awarded a motorized tricycle after being named a "model educated youth." However, he exchanged the tricycle for a walking tractor, a flour milling machine and farm tools to benefit the villagers。
Although he was not in school, Xi never stopped reading. He brought a case of books to the village and was always "reading books as thick as bricks," recalled by villagers of Liangjiahe。
He formed close ties with the villagers during his seven years in the province. After he was recommended for enrollment at Tsinghua University in 1975, all the villagers queued to bid him farewell and a dozen young men walked more than 30 kilometers to take him to the county seat for his trip back to Beijing。
Xi has never forgotten the folks in the Shaanxi village. Even after he left, he helped the village get access to power, build a bridge and renovate a primary school. When he was Party chief of Fuzhou City, he returned to the village, going door by door to visit people. He gave senior villagers pocket money, and schoolchildren with new schoolbags, school supplies and alarm clocks. When a farmer friend got sick, Xi, then a senior provincial official of Fujian, at his own expense, brought him to Fujian for better medical treatment。
Years of toiling alongside villagers allowed him to get to know the countryside and farmers well. Xi has said that the two groups of people who have given him the greatest help in his life are the older revolutionary generation and the folks in the Shaanxi village where he lived。
He arrived in the village as a slightly lost teenager and left as a 22-year-old man determined to do something for the people。
Xi's affection for the common people influenced him as he made a number of critical decisions. In the 1980s when many of his contemporaries were going into business or leaving to study abroad, Xi gave up a comfortable office job in Beijing and went to work as deputy Party chief of a small county in north China's Hebei Province. Later he became Party chief of Ningde Prefecture in southeast China's Fujian Province, one of the poorest regions at the time。
The people weigh most in Xi's heart and grassroots units are where he pays most visits。
In Ningde, he sometimes traveled for days on the mountain roads to reach the farthest corner of the prefecture. The roads were so bumpy that he often had to take a break to recover from back pain before arriving at destinations. He once walked nearly five hours on a rugged mountain road to get to a township called Xiadang, which was not accessible by highway, and received the most passionate welcome from local residents, who said Xi was "the highest-ranking official who has come to the village."
He also helped thousands of farmers in Ningde renovate dilapidated thatched huts and guided fishermen to live better lives on the land。
When working as Party chief of Fuzhou, capital of Fujian, he took the lead in the country in establishing a mechanism for officials to meet with petitioners face to face. He introduced the same mechanism in places where he later served。
Once, he and other senior officials in Fuzhou met with more than 700 petitioners in two days。
While working in east China's Zhejiang Province, he went down into a coal mine nearly 1,000 meters underground and walked more than 1,500 meters along a narrow and inclined shaft to visit miners and see their working conditions before the Spring Festival in 2005.
Xi attaches importance to communication with the people via news media. He wrote a popular column for the Zhejiang Daily, using the pen name Zhexin. In his 232 columns, he discussed everyday problems of interest to the common people。
As mild a person as Xi is, he is very tough in policing officials and preventing them from harming the interests of the common people. In an investigation into illegal housing construction by officials in Ningde, he grew angry and pounded the table, saying, "Shall we offend hundreds of officials, or shall we fail millions of people?" Also, a number of officials in Zhejiang were punished during his tenure of leadership for failing to fulfill their duties。
His work style earned him the nickname "secretary of the people."
"Officials should love the people in the way they love their parents, work for their benefit and lead them to prosperity," Xi said。
LEADER WITH FORESIGHT
On several recent occasions, Xi showed a strong sense of responsibility towards the future of the nation and declared his determination to push forward reform and opening up。
Throughout his political career, people have seen his foresight and resolve as well as his willingness to sacrifice personal gain and one-time fame for a bigger cause。
When working in Xiamen, a coastal city in Fujian, he took charge of drafting a development plan for the city from 1985 to 2000 and lobbied for preferential policies from the central government, both of which benefited the city long after he left the province。
When working in Zhengding, Hebei Province, he saw potential business opportunities when he learned that the crew of "The Dream of Red Mansions," a popular novel-turned-TV drama, was looking for a filming location。
He then proposed building in Zhengding a large residential compound featured within the novel. The compound, which was used by the TV crew, later became a tourist attraction. Tourist income from the compound exceeded 10 million yuan the year it was completed, paying back more than the investment. The compound has been used as the set for more than 170 movies and TV dramas, with up to 1.3 million tourists every year。
In Fuzhou, after intense deliberation and discussion, he and his colleagues devised a strategic development plan for the city for the coming three, eight and 20 years. All the main targets set by the plan were achieved years ago, and a number of enterprises that were set up or brought to Fuzhou when Xi served there remain the industry leaders, playing a significant role in the city's development over the past two decades。
Working as Fujian governor, he was the first in the country to launch a campaign to crack down on food contamination。
In 1999, he first put forward the idea of improving IT infrastructure and introducing information technology to help the public. Fujian had been the only province in China where all hospitals were linked by computer networks and shared digital medical records by 2010.
In 2002, Fujian launched the reform of the collective forest property right system, becoming the first in the country。
During Xi's tenure, Fujian was among the first provinces in China to adopt special policies to restore ecological balance and protect the environment. This has made Fujian the province with the best water and air quality as well as the best ecology and environment in the country。
After his transfer to Zhejiang Province in 2002, Xi put forward numerous development targets for the economy, public security, culture, the environment and the rule of law。
He initiated local industrial restructuring, transforming the province's extensive, less-efficient growth pattern, and encouraged quality enterprises from outside the province to invest in Zhejiang。
In addition, he proposed a development mode that would give equal weight to both manufacturing and commerce, a mode based on Zhejiang's own conditions. He also supported enterprises' efforts to expand overseas and supported start-ups by ordinary citizens。
At the same time, he encouraged more cooperation among Zhejiang, neighboring Shanghai Municipality and Jiangsu Province in order to tap their potential as an integrated economic powerhouse。
In 2004, under Xi's leadership, Zhejiang made an attempt to improve grassroots democracy. Villages there set up residents' committees to supervise the village Party committee and administrative committee on public affairs, a move that received a positive response from the public。
Village supervision committees, which sprang from the Zhejiang model, were later introduced in an amendment to the Organic Law of Villagers' Committees in 2010 by the National People's Congress (NPC) Standing Committee, the top Chinese legislature。
Shanghai was Xi's last local post before he was promoted to the central leadership. Despite a relatively short term in the country's financial hub, he left his mark by promoting the economic integration of the Yangtze River Delta and enhancing Shanghai's leading role in the region。
Xi added "enlightened, sagacious, open-minded and modest" to the official wording of the Shanghai Spirit slogan, which previously had just read "inclusive and sublime." The Shanghai Spirit was intended to capture the essence of the city. Media in Shanghai remarked that these emendations helped present Shanghai to the rest of the world in a deeper, more thoughtful way. These changes were also noticed by people outside Shanghai。
BEING IN FRONT RANKS REQUIRES SOLID WORK
"Making empty talk is harmful to the nation, while doing practical work can help it thrive," Xi said during a visit to "The Road Toward Renewal" exhibition in Beijing on the 15th day after his election as the CPC's new helmsman。
To put "practical work" in place, Xi presided over a meeting of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee that adopted eight measures to improve Party work style and tighten the bond with the people. The measures include more meetings with the people, traveling light with a small entourage and using fewer traffic controls, shortening meetings and speeches. The new measures have earned acclaim both at home and abroad。
"Only solid work ensures that one will take the lead," Xi has said. He has demanded concrete effort to tackle issues the people care about most. He believes that without implementation, the best blueprint will be nothing more than a castle in the air。
When he served in Zhengding County, Xi said that developing human resources was the key to shaking off poverty and backwardness in the county. He attended to the job himself by inviting professionals to the county and drawing up recruitment advertisements for talented personnel from across the country。
In the winter of 1983, he traveled to the provincial capital of Shijiazhuang to invite a cosmetics expert to work in Zhengding. Without a detailed address for the expert, he went door to door asking where the expert lived and finally found him at night after yelling his name near his home. Xi and the expert talked until midnight and Xi finally persuaded the man to work in Zhengding. The expert later created more than 300,000 yuan in revenue for the county within the first year。
In the same year, Xi decided to publish nine ways for recruiting talented personnel, something that was rare at the time and became a front-page story in the Hebei Daily. He wrote more than 100 letters to experts and scholars, as well as colleges and research institutions, and paid visits to dozens of experts. Within two years, Zhengding attracted 683 talented personnel and hired 53 well-known experts as economic counselors。
Xi, together with his colleague Lu Yulan, then deputy Party chief of Zhengding, despite heavy pressure, told superior authorities about the excessive burden faced by the county due to compulsory grain purchases. The issue was eventually resolved。
In Ningde, Xi was also practical and realistic. He pooled resources to implement aquaculture of the large yellow croaker, a local specialty, and greatly increased the income of local farmers。
He also ordered Party and government offices to make things convenient for the people. When serving in Fuzhou, he advocated the principle of "special procedures for special issues, and do things now" to make the government more efficient. This principle was attractive to numerous Taiwan enterprises and helped boost the local economy. He also proposed the compilation of two handbooks on government procedures for residents and overseas businesspeople。
In 2000, Xi initiated a move across Fujian to make the government more efficient. He proposed changes in government functions and procedures to reduce the number of matters that require government approval. By the end of 2001, the number was reduced by 40.4 percent, or 606 items。
In 2001, Fujian became the first province in China to enact a policy making government affairs public。
In August 2002, Xi published an article on a major newspaper on "The Experience of Jinjiang," which emphasized the importance of the private economy in the development of the county. Also in 2002, he published an article on Nanping City's effort to send officials to work in villages. The practice of Nanping was later introduced all over the province, thus enhancing ties between officials and farmers and making officials more oriented towards grassroots achievement。
In Zhejiang, Xi stressed provincial development in the fields of public security, the environment, culture, the rule of law and the marine economy。
To achieve these goals, he made an individual case study in addition to making overall arrangements. In order to know how the localities were affected by provincial policies, he went five times to a less-developed mountain village called Xiajiang within less than two years。
He paid special attention to the marine economy. In December 2002, he put forward the goal of building Zhejiang into a province with a strong marine economy, followed by guidelines and plans to realize this goal. The marine economy in Zhejiang has since developed quickly, with annual growth of 19.3 percent. It accounted for nearly 8 percent of the Zhejiang economy in 2005.
He pushed for the integration of Ningbo and Zhoushan harbors. In 2006, Ningbo-Zhoushan harbor had 420 million tonnes of cargo throughput, ranking the second in China and among the world's top three。
He also pushed for the construction of the Hangzhou Bay Bridge, an icon of cross-sea bridges in China and once the world's longest cross-sea bridge。
In 2003, Xi proposed that rural communities should be more like urban communities, and efforts should be made to reduce the urban-rural gap in quality of life。
Zhejiang had realized the development targets one by one during Xi's tenure. The province had the highest rating in ecology and the environment among all provincial-level regions in 2005. In 2006, 94.77 percent of the people were satisfied with the province's public security, making Zhejiang one of the safest provinces in the country。
When Xi was in Zhejiang, the province's GDP exceeded 1 trillion yuan in 2004, GDP per capita exceeded 3,000 U.S. dollars in 2005 and stood at nearly 4,000 U.S. dollars in 2006. The province ranked the fourth in sustainable development in 2006, next to Shanghai, Beijing and Tianjin。
Furthermore, all the province's poverty-stricken counties and townships shook off poverty during the period。
In 2007, Xi was appointed secretary of the CPC Shanghai Municipal Committee。
Within a month of his appointment, Xi conducted research on the people's livelihood, development, the Shanghai World Expo, and the fight against corruption. The ninth Shanghai municipal congress of the CPC was successfully held, which invigorated local officials, rebuilt Shanghai's image and set forth a blueprint for Shanghai for the next five years。
Xi has said that a county Party chief should visit all the villages within the county, a city Party chief all the townships and a provincial Party chief all the counties and cities。
He visited all the villages in Zhengding. In Ningde, he visited nine counties within the first three months, and traveled to most townships later on. After he was transferred to Zhejiang in 2002, he visited all 90 counties in just over a year. During his tenure in Shanghai, he visited all 19 districts and counties in seven months. After he came to work in the central authority, he visited all the 31 provinces, regions and municipalities on the mainland。
STATESMAN AIMING FOR BETTER EARTH
During a recent meeting with foreign experts working in China, Xi said that China, as a responsible country, will not only manage its own affairs, but also properly handle its relations with the rest of the world, so as to foster a more favorable external environment and make a greater contribution to world peace and development。
"China needs to know more about the world, and the world also needs to know more about China," Xi said. Whether working at the local level or in the central leadership, Xi attaches great importance to international exchange and making foreign friends. He has taken every opportunity to meet foreign guests visiting China。
Within the past five years, he traveled to more than 40 countries and regions across five continents and has had extensive contact with people from all walks of life. He frankly and honestly introduces to foreign friends how the Chinese people view their own country and the world, and is always willing to listen to them as well. In the eyes of many foreign dignitaries, Xi is a confident, sagacious and amicable leader。
He often tells foreign friends that the international community has increasingly become an integrated one with a common destiny. China's continuous rapid development depends on world peace and development. It also provides opportunity and room for other countries, so together they may achieve win-win results and common development through mutual respect and pragmatic cooperation。
At a World Peace Forum organized by Tsinghua University in July 2012, Xi noted that a country must let others develop as it seeks its own development; must let others feel secure as it seeks its own security; must let others live better when it wants to live better itself. In a meeting with Lee Kuan Yew in Singapore, Xi said not all strong countries will seek hegemony. China will stick to the path of peaceful development, a win-win strategy of opening up and the pledge of never seeking hegemony, now or in any future generation。
Xi's foreign visits have sent out signals that countries should work together to establish a more equal and balanced global partnership, so as to safeguard the common interests of all human beings and make Earth better。
During his five-day visit to the United States, Xi participated in 27 events and engaged in exchange with U.S. politicians and the public alike. "As long as the Chinese and U.S. sides grasp the thread of common interests, they can explore a path of new partnership for major powers to live in harmony, engage in positive interaction and achieve win-win cooperation." His remarks elicited positive feedback from many in the U.S。
In a recent meeting with former U.S. President Jimmy Carter, Xi called for more "positive energy" for the China-U.S. partnership。
During his visit to Russia, Xi showed the strong importance China attaches to developing bilateral relations. The Sino-Russian strategic partnership of coordination has become the closest, most dynamic and most profound between major powers, and developing relations with Russia is always a priority of China's foreign relations. Xi attended the second meeting of the dialogue mechanism between the Chinese and Russian ruling parties, and had extensive and in-depth discussions with leaders of various parties in Russia, further enriching Sino-Russia relations。
Xi highly values relations with developing countries. He has said consolidating and developing relations with developing countries is the starting point and object of China's foreign policy。
In South Africa, Xi attended the fourth plenary session of the China-South Africa Binational Commission, looking forward, together with the South African side, to a bright future of bilateral cooperation。
In a speech delivered at a seminar marking the 10th anniversary of the establishment of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC)， Xi underscored China's friendship with Africa, emphasizing that "a friend in need is a friend indeed."
In Saudi Arabia, he said a more prosperous and open China will bring great development opportunities to the Middle East and countries in the Gulf。
In Chile, he proposed that China and Latin America should be good partners in the fields of politics, economics, culture and international affairs, when speaking of the relationship over the next decade。
Xi has been pragmatic and efficient on the international stage. In the course of only one day, while attending the celebration of the 150th anniversary of the unification of Italy, Xi exchanged ideas with leaders from more than 20 countries and international organizations. During his visit to Germany and four other European countries, Xi attended five signing ceremonies for economic and trade agreements, six economic and trade forums, and pushed for the signing of 93 cooperation agreements involving a total of 7.4 billion U.S. dollars。
Xi has also emphasized the role of cultural exchange in the building of a harmonious world. When addressing the Frankfurt Book Fair in 2009, he said that through exchanges between different cultures, people from different countries have come to know Confucius from China, Goethe from Germany and Shakespeare from Britain. Pushing forward world cultural exchange creates important momentum for human progress and the world's peaceful development。
During his visit to Russia, he launched the "Year of Chinese Language" in Russia, side by side with Vladimir Putin in the Kremlin. He said in his address, "Culture is enriched, hearts are linked up, and friendship is deepened through exchange."
Xi is good at drawing wisdom from Chinese culture and presenting ideas clearly in a straightforward and humorous way. During his U.S. visit, he borrowed a line from the theme song of the popular Chinese TV drama "Monkey King" to ease the gravity of the bilateral issue. "The road is right under our feet," he said when describing the "unprecedented" relations between China and the U.S., displaying the confidence and courage of Chinese leaders。
When facing questions about China's human rights situation, he said there is "no best, only better." Xi said every country's condition is different and path is different. "Whether the shoe fits or not, only the wearer of the shoe knows."
Amity between people is the key to sound relations between states. Xi has said the level of state-to-state friendship depends on amity between people. He has humorously said to foreign ministry officials on diplomatic trips that life lies in motion and diplomacy lies in activity. In other words, diplomats should travel widely and make friends broadly and deeply。
During his visit to Laos, he specially arranged a meeting with children of the late Lao leader Quinim Pholsena. Xi joined several children of Pholsena, who had lived and studied in Beijing, in recalling their days at Beijing's Bayi School. He even remembered the nickname "Chubby Boy" for Pholsena's second son。
During his U.S. visit, Xi traveled to Iowa to join a dozen of his old acquaintances for tea and conversation at a house in an Iowa farm community. Most of the people at the gathering were friends Xi had made during a 1985 visit to Iowa as a member of an agricultural research delegation。
In Russia, he visited a children's center that had cared for Chinese students who were affected by the devastating Wenchuan earthquake of 2008, and expressed his gratitude to the staff。
He kicked a Gaelic football in Dublin's Croke Park when visiting Ireland and watched an NBA game in the U.S. The media described both activities as evidence of his amicable image。
"He succeeded in not only demonstrating his personal manner and bearing, but also the charm of China's economic development and social progress," an overseas media outlet remarked。
SON OF REVOLUTIONARY FAMILY, CARING HUSBAND
Xi Jinping's father Xi Zhongxun was a Party and state leader. The senior Xi served as chairman of the Shaan-Gan Border Region, a CPC revolutionary base of the 1930s, and was called by Mao Zedong a "leader of the people."
Xi Zhongxun had suffered political persecution for 16 years beginning in 1962. However, he never gave in to adversity and ultimately helped clear the names of other people who were persecuted. After the end of the Cultural Revolution, he served as Party chief in Guangdong, the forefront of China's reform and opening-up drive, making important contributions to the establishment of special economic zones in the province and their rapid development。
Xi's mother Qi Xin, nearly 90 years of age, is also a veteran cadre and Party member. As a filial son, Xi takes walks and chats with his mother, holding her hand during the process, after he finds time to dine with her。
The Xi family has a tradition of being strict with children and living a simple life. Xi Zhongxun believed if a senior Party official wanted to discipline others, he should begin first with himself and his family. Xi Jinping and his younger brother used to wear clothes and shoes handed down from their elder sisters. After Xi Jinping became a leading official, his mother called a family meeting to ban the siblings from engaging in business where Xi Jinping worked。
Xi Jinping has carried on his family's tradition and has been strict with family members. Wherever he worked, he told the family members not to do business there or do anything in his name, or else he "would be ruthless." Whether in Fujian, Zhejiang or Shanghai, he pledged at official meetings that no one was allowed to seek personal benefit using his name and welcomed supervision in this regard。
Xi married Peng Liyuan, a renowned and well-liked soprano and opera singer. In 1980, Peng, on the behalf of the Shandong provincial delegation, caused quite a stir while attending a national art performance in Beijing。
She was the first in China to obtain a master's degree in national vocal music. She is a representative figure of national vocal music and one of the founders of the school of national vocal music。
Her most famous works include On the Plains of Hope, People from Our Village, and We Are Yellow River and Taishan Mountain。
She was the winner of many top awards at national vocal music contests. She played the leading roles in the Chinese national operas The White-haired Girl and Mulan, among others. She also won the highest theatrical award in China, or the Plum Blossom Prize, and the highest performance art award, the Wenhua Prize。
Peng has attributed her accomplishments to the people and said she should contribute all her talent to the people. Over the past 30-plus years, she has given hundreds of free performances for people from all different walks of life across the country as an expression of gratitude or appreciation. These included performances in impoverished mountain areas, coastal areas, oil fields, mines and barracks, as well as in deserts and the snowy plateau. She also performed in Wenchuan after the devastating earthquake of 2008, in Beijing's Xiaotangshan after the SARS outbreak and in flood-hit Jiujiang in Jiangxi Province。
To better introduce Chinese national vocal music and national opera to the world, Peng took the lead to play a solo concert in Singapore in 1993. She has also performed in more than 50 countries and regions representing China, becoming a world-famous Cultural Ambassador for China。
She produced and played the leading role in the opera Mulan, which was performed at New York City's Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts and at the Vienna State Opera House in Austria。
Peng is currently shifting her focus from performance to education, aiming to nurture more talented people and produce more masterpieces。
Peng is very much committed to charity work. She is a WHO Goodwill Ambassador for Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS, a national AIDS prevention advocate, and an ambassador for the prevention of juvenile delinquency and for tobacco control. At a recent World AIDS Day activity raising awareness about AIDS, she was called "Mama Peng" by AIDS orphans。
Xi and Peng fell in love at first sight in 1986 and got married the same year. Although they were often separated due to work, they have understood and supported each other and continuously shown concern for each other。
As a member of the People's Liberation Army, Peng was often tasked with staging performances in remote areas. These tours sometimes kept her on the road for two to three months at a time. Being concerned about his wife, Xi would phone her before bedtime almost every night, no matter how late it was。
On Chinese Lunar New Year's Eve, Peng would often perform in the Spring Festival Gala presented by the China Central Television. Xi would make dumplings while watching the show and would wait for her return to begin cooking the family feast。
In the eyes of Peng, Xi is a good husband and a good father. She always shows care and consideration for him. Peng takes every opportunity to get together with her husband, cooking for him dishes of different styles。
In Peng's eyes, Xi is both different from anybody else and also an average person. He favors home-made cooking in the Shaanxi and Shandong cuisines, and also drinks a bit during parties with friends. He likes swimming, mountaineering, and watching basketball, football and boxing matches. Sometimes he stays up late to watch televised sports games。
The couple have a daughter, Xi Mingze. Mingze in Chinese implies "living an honest life and being a useful person to society," which is their expectation for her and also a symbol of their family's simple style。
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